Effects of Technology on Modern day Architecture and Design

Effectss of Technology on Modern twenty-four hours Architecture and Design Architecture has revolutionized and changed in the 21st century compared to the 19 century due to engineering. Even though many factors have played major functions in the changing of architecture, engineering has played the most of import function for architectural alteration. Architecture and engineering will be two footings that will be used throughout this paper. Harmonizing to the Webster lexicon, architecture is defined as the art or scientific discipline of planing and making edifices while engineering is the application of scientific cognition for practical intents, particularly in industry. Technology nowadays plays an of import function in our societies since most edifices particularly condos and houses are manner different compared to the 1s that were built in the 19 century. Today’s buildings/condos in our societies are now built largely through the usage of digital visual image engineerings that are intentionally planned to make certain sorts of feeling and atmosph ere in our society. Technology and architecture goes manus in manus as both footings benefit from each other due to the fact that engineering has helped designers in pulling their designs more efficaciously and expeditiously alternatively of utilizing their custodies. This essay will take to analyse how modern engineerings are runing as a cardinal portion of architecture and design, whether engineering is holding a positive or negative impact on architecture and architectural work methods. There will besides be a treatment on Computer-aided design ( CAD ) . In associating it to the class, this paper will largely touch on hyper alteration since its evident that engineering is so altering how persons perceive and understand objects and constructions. The most of import technology/software that this essay will look at is the Computer-aided design ( CAD ) and Geographic Information System ( GIS ) and how both have affected architecture and design. At the minute, engineering has wholly r evolutionized our metropolis we live in and our manner of life. Walking about downtown Toronto and seeing edifices such as the OCAD edifice and the Royal Ontario museum indicates how far edifices have alteration due to engineering. Looking at how far engineering has brought architecture, it’s safe to state that engineering will open new universes by helping in the devising of new stuffs to build edifices. Notes on modern architecture by Antoine Picon shows that architecture has been closely related to engineering since the 19 century and argues that modernism’s inclination towards architecture has made it possible to promote the life scenes of the multitudes. Scholars such as Banham have argued that engineering surely has shaped architecture throughout history. Examples such as the creative activity of the Flying Buttress in Europe allowed Master Builders to reconstruct the tremendous walls of Romanesque churches, the Etruscan anchor arch allowed the Roman Empire to do tough and strong Bridgess. The most outstanding illustration is the development of skyscrapers which was made possible by the innovation of mass produced steel and safety lifts. In the universe, the tallest skyscraper is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai while in Toronto, the highest skyscraper is the CN Tower but the tallest inhabitable is the First Canadian Place. Banham looks at how engineering should be considered as an indispensable portion of architecture but does non truly discourse the effects and impacts engineering is holding on modern twenty-four hours architecture. This essay will undertake this issue and spread out on the thoughts Banham out frontward in his book and other scholarly plants by different writers. This research paper will hold an debut where major nomenclatures that will be used throughout the paper will be defined. The debut will besides hold the thesis and the statements back uping the thesis. The following subdivision of this paper will entirely discourse Computer-aided design ( CAD ) , the types of CAD and the parts that this package has made to architecture and design. The following subdivision will look at will be the advantages and disadvantages of engineering on architecture. Research shows that so engineering has had a positive consequence on architecture so these advantages will be explored farther. Last, this paper will look at what engineering can make for architecture in the hereafter. In decision, this paper will sum up all the statements and points set together and sentiments of bookmans will besides be touched upon. Annotated Bibliography Banham, R. ( 1984 ) .The architecture of the well-tempered environment( 2nd erectile dysfunction ) . London: Architectural Press. In this book, the writer points out that engineering, human demands, and environmental concerns are all interrelated and all of them play a critical portion in the development of architecture. He argues that technological and mechanical promotions in simple countries such as airing, warming and other 20Thursdaycentury designs needs more attending since architecture is non merely about designs and edifices but besides the mechanical systems that makes them work.. Crouch, D. P. ( 1985 ) .History of architecture: Stonehenge to skyscrapers. New York: McGraw-Hill. In this book, Crouch tackles architecture from a historic point of position from the Stonehenge in England to the skyscrapers which are seen around the universe largely in developed states. Crouch negotiations about fundamentally how far architecture has come as she explores architecture in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. Crouch argues that architecture is now developing into a science-based due to the patterned advance of engineering. Donald, Watson ( 1984 ) .Architecture, Technology, and Environment.Journal of Architectural EducationVol. 51, No. 2 ( Nov. , 1997 ) , pp. 119-126 Published by: Taylor & A ; Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, Inc.Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/stable/1425452 In this diary, Donald argues that a little figure of architectural pedagogues dismiss the fact that engineering is portion of architecture and he insists that both architecture and engineering are dependent on each other. Donald besides argues that engineering puts greater accent and higher outlooks on architecture due to the fact that engineering in architecture is non merely approximately merely the beautiful constructions and edifices we see but it is about the cognition and information the society as a whole addition in the devising of these constructions. Encarnacao, J. L. , Lindner, R. , & A ; Schlechtendahl, E. G. ( . G. ( 1990 ) .Computer aided design: Fundamentalss and system architectures( 2nd ed. ) . Berlin ; New York: Springer-Verlag. This book explains the computing machine aided design package in peculiarly how it works, its rules, ways and how it has helped in the development and revolution of architecture. Encarnacao and his co-authors identifies the chief constituents of CAD and they concluded by demoing the stairss involve in doing this machine Heynen, Hilde. ( 1999 ) .Architecture and modernness: A review. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. This writer suggests a singular lineation of probe that explains the history of modern motion ‘s and trouble it has faced. Hilde tries to link modern motion and cultural theory of modernness. Hilde argues that architecture and modernness relies comparatively greatly on the sort of modernness being created. Hilde asks the inquiry â€Å"what dealingss exist or ought to be between architecture and modernness? † .So with this asked, she explores how architecture and modernness is connected. Karl D. Stephan. ( 2005 ) .Masterworks of Technology: The Story of Creative Engineering, Architecture, and Design.Technology and Culture, Volume 46, Number 3 Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //muse.jhu.edu/journals/tech/summary/v046/46.3stephan.html Harmonizing to this diary reappraisal by Karl, engineering has ever been portion of human society. The writer negotiations about technological creativity and vision throughout the old ages. Karl argues that scientific discipline and technology has come together and its forcing architecture to a new and different degree ne'er imagined before from the pyramids of Egypt to now skyscrapers seen around the universe. Karl negotiations about the model involve in skyscraper developments particularly that of the Chicago’s Sears Tower as he builds on the thoughts of F. R. Khan’s influence of import on skyscraper design. Le Corbusier. ( 1952 ) .Towards a new architecture. London: The Architectural Press. In this book, Le Corbusier book negotiations about architecture and the society as he wrote about new promotions that we see today in our communities today. He parallels the velocity of which architecture is turning with that of the promotion in the society. Le Corbusier besides addresses five rules of modern architecture, mass production and industrialisation. Rivard, H. ( 2000 ) .A Survey On The Impact Of Information Technology On The Canadian Architecture, Engineering And Construction Industry.Journal of Information Technology in Construction( ITcon ) , v.5, p.37 In this study, researches purpose in finding the impact of engineering on architecture, building and technology. This study proved that all designers now have entree to computing machine and merely one per centum of the designers that answered the questionnaire survey indicated that they do non utilize computing machines to assist them with their work. The study proved that genuinely most when it comes to the drawing of design most designers use CAD. This study showed engineering is an indispensable portion of architecture, building and technology field now and about every person that works in these Fieldss rely on them to assist him/her work expeditiously. Stephenson, S. ( 2007 ) .The integrating of engineering into a landscape architecture alumnus plan: A instance survey.( Order No. NR39441, University of Toronto ( Canada ) ) .ProQuest Dissertations and Thesiss, 232. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/docview/304757618? accountid=15182 This is a instance survey show the ways in which engineering is lending to the landscape of architecture and the hard procedure involved in it. The survey largely touches on design procedure and studio civilization while it looks at how engineering has affected this country either in a positive, impersonal or negative manner. Throughout this paper, it’s clear that engineering has change landscape architecture particularly when it comes to how stuffs are produced and how interior decorators all over the universe are able to reach each other in a affair of seconds due to engineering. Saeideh Feizi Azarshahr, Alireza Motamadniya, Mostafa Basiri ( 2013 ) .New Technologies in Modern Architecture and its Interaction with Traditional Architecture.Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental SciencesVol 1 Issue 3: 70-80 In this article, Azarshahr et Al argues that the usage of engineering consequences in the constitution of flawless and perfect edifices and engineering has ever been a portion of architecture as Azarshahr et al describes two types of engineering: traditional engineering and modern engineering. Harmonizing to these writers, traditional engineering has non been documented as much compared to modern engineering and this modern engineering has led to the cybernation and industrialisation of architecture. REFRENCES Banham, R. ( 1984 ) .The architecture of the well-tempered environment( 2nd erectile dysfunction ) . London: Architectural Press. Crouch, D. P. ( 1985 ) .History of architecture: Stonehenge to skyscrapers. New York: McGraw-Hill. Donald, Watson ( 1984 ) .Architecture, Technology, and Environment.Journal of Architectural EducationVol. 51, No. 2 ( Nov. , 1997 ) , pp. 119-126 Published by: Taylor & A ; Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, Inc.Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/stable/1425452 Encarnacao, J. L. , Lindner, R. , & A ; Schlechtendahl, E. G. ( . G. ( 1990 ) .Computer aided design: Fundamentalss and system architectures( 2nd ed. ) . Berlin ; New York: Springer-Verlag. Heynen, Hilde. ( 1999 ) .Architecture and modernness: A review. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. Karl D. Stephan. ( 2005 ) .Masterworks of Technology: The Story of Creative Engineering, Architecture, and Design.Technology and Culture, Volume 46, Number 3 Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //muse.jhu.edu/journals/tech/summary/v046/46.3stephan.html Le Corbusier. ( 1952 ) .Towards a new architecture. London: The Architectural Press. Rivard, H. ( 2000 ) .A Survey On The Impact Of Information Technology On The Canadian Architecture, Engineering And Construction Industry.Journal of Information Technology in Construction( ITcon ) , v.5, p.37 Stephenson, S. ( 2007 ) .The integrating of engineering into a landscape architecture alumnus plan: A instance survey.( Order No. NR39441, University of Toronto ( Canada ) ) .ProQuest Dissertations and Thesiss, 232. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/docview/304757618? accountid=15182 Saeideh Feizi Azarshahr, Alireza Motamadniya, Mostafa Basiri ( 2013 ) .New Technologies in Modern Architecture and its Interaction with Traditional Architecture.Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental SciencesVol 1 Issue 3: 70-80

Philosophies of Education Essay

There are many different educational philosophies that have developed over the years. Some of these philosophies are teacher-centered and some are student-centered, but they all have the same goal, and the goal is to provide students with the best education possible. The following is a list of educational philosophies and their basic ideas. 1. Perennialism- is a teacher centered philosophy that focuses on the values associated with reason. It considers knowledge as enduring, seeks everlasting truths, and views principles of existence as constant or unchanging. For Perennialists, the aim of education is to ensure that students acquire understandings about the great ideas of Western civilization. These ideas have the potential for solving problems in any era. The focus is to teach ideas that are everlasting, to seek enduring truths which are constant, not changing, as the natural and human worlds at their most essential level, do not change. Teaching these unchanging principles is critical. Humans are rational beings, and their minds need to be developed. Thus, cultivation of the intellect is the highest priority in a worthwhile education. The demanding curriculum focuses on attaining cultural literacy, stressing students’ growth in enduring disciplines. 2. Essentialism- is a teacher centered philosophy that believes there is a common set of skills and knowledge that educated people should have. It focuses on respect for authority, developing sound habits of the mind, and training in fundamentals. Essentialism is similar to perrenialism. Schooling should be practical, preparing students to become valuable members of society. It should focus on facts-the objective reality out there–and â€Å"the basics†or â€Å" back to the basics,† training students to read, write, speak, and compute clearly and logically. Schools should not try to set or influence policies. Students should be taught hard work, respect for authority, and discipline. Consisting of discipline subject. Teachers are to help students keep their non-productive instincts in check, such as aggression or mindlessness. Early in the 20th century, essentialism was criticized as being too rigid to prepare students adequately for adult life. 3. Progressivism- is a student centered philosophy that believes that ideas should be tested by experimentation, and learning comes from finding answers from questions. This philosophy values the scientific method of teaching, allows individuals to have their own beliefs, and promotes the interaction of students as valuable to the learning process. (learning by doing things). Create independent thinking,self expression and activity in the learner. Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the content or the teacher. This educational philosophy stresses that students should test ideas by active experimentation. Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing the world. It is active, not passive. The learner is a problem solver and thinker who make meaning through his or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context. Effective teachers provide experiences so that students can learn by doing. Curriculum content is derived from student interests and questions. The scientific method is used by progressivist educators so that students can study matter and events systematically and first hand. The emphasis is on process-how one comes to know. One of his tenets was that the school should improve the way of life of our citizens through experiencing freedom and democracy in schools. Shared decision making, planning of teachers with students, student-selected topics are all aspects. Books are tools, rather than authority. 4. Reconstructionism/Critical Theory- is another student centered philosophy that promotes world social progress, focuses on world events, controversial issues, and developing a vision for a new better world. This philosophy is associated with pragmatism and essentialism. Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education. Critical theorists, like social reconstructionists, believe that systems must be changed to overcome oppression and improve human conditions. Paulo Freire (1921-1997) was a Brazilian whose experiences living in poverty led him to champion education and literacy as the vehicle for social change. In his view, humans must learn to resist oppression and not become its victims, nor oppress others. To do so requires dialog and critical consciousness, the development of awareness to overcome domination and oppression. Rather than â€Å"teaching as banking,† in which the educator deposits information into students’ heads, Freire saw teaching and learning as a process of inquiry in which the child must invent and reinvent the world. For social reconstructionists and critical theorists, curriculum focuses on student experience and taking social action on real problems, such as violence, hunger, international terrorism, inflation, and inequality. Strategies for dealing with controversial issues (particularly in social studies and literature), inquiry, dialogue, and multiple perspectives are the focus. Community-based learning and bringing the world into the classroom are also strategies. 5. Eclecticism- is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases. It can be inelegant, and eclectics are sometimes criticized for lack of consistency in their thinking, but it is common in many fields of study. For example, most psychologists accept parts of behaviorism, but do not attempt to use the theory to explain all aspects of human behavior. A statistician may use frequentist techniques on one occasion and Bayesian ones on another. An example of eclecticism in economics is John Dunning’s eclectic theory of international production. 6. Existentialism – Student centered. If you are existentialist, subject matter is a personal choice. They focus on the importance of the student than the subject matter or curriculum. Man’s freedom. Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Such is the first principle of existentialism. ‘ ‘ †¢ Jean Paul Sartre Existentialism as an Educational Philosophy Existentialism rejects the existence of any source of objective, authoritative truth about metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Instead, individuals are responsible for determining for themselves what is â€Å"true† or â€Å"false,† â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong,† â€Å"beautiful† or â€Å"ugly. † For the existentialist, there exists no universal form of human nature; each of us has the free will to develop as we see fit. In the existentialist classroom, subject matter takes second place to helping the students understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings, and actions. The teacher’s role is to help students define their own essence by exposing them to various paths they may take in life and creating an environment in which they may freely choose their own preferred way. Since feeling is not divorced from reason in decision making, the existentialist demands the education of the whole person, not just the mind. Although many existentialist educators provide some curricular structure, existentialism, more than other educational philosophies, affords students great latitude in their choice of subject matter. In an existentialist curriculum, students are given a wide variety of options from which to choose. To the extent that the staff, rather than the students, influence the curriculum, the humanities are commonly given tremendous emphasis. They are explored as a means of providing students with vicarious experiences that will help unleash their own creativity and self-expression. For example, rather than emphasizing historical events, existentialists focus upon the actions of historical individuals, each of whom provides possible models for the students’ own behavior. In contrast to the humanities, math and the natural sciences may be de-emphasized, presumably because their subject matter would be considered â€Å"cold,† â€Å"dry,† â€Å"objective,† and therefore less fruitful to self-awareness. Moreover, vocational education is regarded more as a means of teaching students about themselves and their potential than of earning a livelihood. In teaching art, existentialism encourages individual creativity and imagination more than copying and imitating established models. Existentialist methods focus on the individual. Learning is self-paced, self directed, and includes a great deal of individual contact with the teacher, who relates to each student openly and honestly. Although elements of existentialism occasionally appear in public schools, this philosophy has found wider acceptance in private schools and ill alternative public schools founded in the late 1960s and early 1970s. 7. Naturalism- ‘’Back to Nature† slogan. Naturalism emphasizes ‘Matter and Physical world. Aim to unfold the child potential. We are born weak, we need strength; helpless, we need aid; foolish, we need reason. All that we lack at birth, all that we need when we come to man’s estate, is the gift of education. ~Jean Jacques Rousseau Naturalism as a philosophy of education was developed in the 18th century. It is based on the assumption that nature represents the wholeness of reality. Nature, itself, is a total system that contains and explains all existence including human beings and human nature Education must conform to the natural processes of growth and mental development. This root principle, already touched upon, stems from a concern to understand the nature of the child and follows from naturalism’s conception of the pupil. It is the make up of the learner that determines the character of the learning process, not the designs of teachers of the learner or there simply will be no learning. Education should be pleasurable; for children have a good time when they are doing things which the present development of their physical and mental equipment makes them ready to do. This readiness for specific kinds of activity is evidenced by their interest. Consequently, interest in a subject and interest in ways of doing things are guides to parents and teachers, both as to subjects of study and methods of teaching for which children have a natural readiness at any given stage of development. Education should engage the spontaneous self-activity of the child. As already noted, the child educates himself in great measure, most of his knowledge is base on what he discovers in his own active relations with things and people. Especially is this the case with our perceptions, developed almost completely by our own unconscious efforts in early childhood but constituting the machinery for a high percentage of our adult experiences. Adults are foolish, therefore, if they do not use this native self-activity as an ally in their teaching. The way to do this, Spencer advised, is to tell the learner as little as possible and induce him to discover as much as possible. The teacher’s role is to remain in background. The natural development of child should be stimulated. Since, Nature is considered to be best educator, According to naturalists the teacher is the observer and facilitator of the child’s development rather than a giver of information, ideas, ideals and will power or a molder of character. 8. Realism – Teacher centered. Slogan,â€Å"Things rather than words†. And according to Realism the external world of objects is not imaginary. It really exists, â€Å"Our experience is not independent but determines reaction to the external objects. Experiences are influenced by the external world which has real existence. † (Dr. Pandey Ram Shakal. The teacher is more focus to the lesson rather to the child. ( That’s the reality). Subject: Math and Science. 9. Idealism- is a philosophical approach that has as its central tenet that, ideas are the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. In a search for truth, beauty and justice that is enduring and everlasting, the focus is on conscious reasoning in the mind. The aim of education is to discover and develop each individual’s abilities and full moral excellence in order to better serve the society. Deals with â€Å"mind and self†. Developing child potential. Ex. If a child is good in reasoning encourage him/her to develop that. In idealism, no comparison only encouragement. 10. Pragmatism- â€Å"Pragmatism is a temper of mind, an attitude, it is also a theory of the nature of ideas and truth and finally it is a theory about reality. † William James â€Å". Pragmatism is essentially a humanistic philosophy, maintaining that man creates his own values in the course of activity that reality is still in the making and awaits its part of completion from the future, that to an uncertain able extent our truths are manmade products. Method of teaching: This school of philosophy favours project method and consider it active and dynamic. Through this method the child learns by his own activities and experiences. The teacher only guiding and suggesting wherever and whenever there is necessity for such help. They believe learning by doing. They oppose bookish knowledge and condemn those methods which promote knowledge which is not useful. Teacher: works as a friend and guide to the children. The teacher comes in close contact to the children to know their interest and understanding regarding the conditions of changing society. The teacher puts in front of the students problems which are interesting and students are expected to solve it. 11. Constructivism- is a student centered philosophy that emphasizes hands on learning and students actively participating in lessons. Constructivists believe that students should be able to discover lessons on their own through hands on activity because it is the most effect way of learning and is considered true learning. Von Glasersfeld describes constructivism as a â€Å"theory of knowledge with roots in philosophy, psychology and cybernetics†. In the constructivist perspective, knowledge is constructed by the individual through his interactions with his environment. Learning is an active process. Students are actively engaged and are responsible for their learning. 12. Humanism- is a student centered philosophy that focuses on enhancing ones innate goodness, rejects the idea of group-oriented education, and upholds the idea of enhancing individual development. This philosophy also believes that students should be actively involved with their education on all levels, and students should be able to make choices about what they will be learning. To live life to the fullest Humanism focused on creating people who would be ideal citizens in whatever domain their work lay and would be able to speak persuasively to encourage those around them to a moral life; thus, students pursuing humanist studies were instructed from historically important works of poetry, history, grammar and rhetoric. 13. Behaviorism – is a teacher centered philosophy that is closely related to realism. This philosophy focuses on human behavior as a reaction to external stimuli, and believes that changing the environment can change misbehavior. Educational behaviorists are more interested in managing behavior in an attempt to better educate students and maintain a classroom environment conducive to the learning of each individual student. Educational behaviorists have developed systems of rewards and punishments in order to achieve academic success. He found a very strong effect from rewards but also discovered that punishment was a less effective means for control of behavior (Pulliam & Patten ). Teachers began to rapidly accept these laws of learning, and found them to be highly useful devices for classroom instruction Watson made the following statement: Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, to bring them up in any way I choose and I’ll guarantee you to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. Watson made it very clear that he believed that behavior could be altered, modified, and controlled by using forms of reinforcement. Reinforcement was one of Skinners most important behavioral concepts. Reinforcement is the affect of reward on a response that the strengthening produces it, to the reduction of physiological need. Often times the word reinforcement is mistakenly substituted by the word reward. It is important to realize that these two words are not the same. Rewards may or may not strengthen behavior. Robert Nye, author of The Legacy of B. F. Skinner, gives the following example to clarify this misconception: A teenager may behave contrary to his parents, wishes despite the fact that they heap rewards (a car, money, freedom, and so on) on him. This example exhibits parents who are giving rewards to their son, but they are not reinforcing his desirable behaviors. Skinners definition affirms that reinforcement does strengthen behavior, and reinforcement occurs only if what is being done has that effect. Therefore, rewards may or may not strengthen behavior. In operant conditioning there are two types of reinforcement: positive and negative. Positive reinforcement is a response strengthened by the addition of something (positive reinforcer) to the situation. A child behaving to earn parental approval is an example of the effects of positive reinforcement. The parental approval is the positive reinforcer. Behaviors can also be strengthened by negative consequences. Negative reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened by the removal of something (negative reinforcer) from the situation. Negative reinforcement should not be confused with punishment; it does refer to a process in which behavior is strengthened. Without even realizing it, teachers condition students to do things, such as stand in a straight line or to be quiet, by giving looks and/or punishments. Teachers often use the theories behind behaviorism to drive behavior plans for emotionally disturbed students. These step-by-step plans include rewards (or punishments), which condition students to achieve specific patterns of behavior. These plans are designed so that when the student performs a desired behavior, the student is rewarded with tokens or points. The students are then able to trade these tokens or points for prizes, food, playtime, or other rewards. Critics disagree with this type of extrinsic reward; however, Skinner believed that this may be necessary when other methods do not motivate the students. Skinner also believed that since teachers are conditioning most of the time, they should learn how to do it more effectively (Ozman & Craver 213). 14. Analytic- The term â€Å"analytic philosophy† can refer to: A broad philosophical tradition[2][3] characterized by an emphasis on clarity and argument (often achieved via modern formal logic and analysis of language) and a respect for the natural sciences. The more specific set of developments of early 20th-century philosophy that were the historical antecedents of the broad sense: e. g., the work of Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, G. E. Moore, Gottlob Frege, and the logical positivists. – is used to described philosophy that proceeds via analysis- broadly, by seeking to understand the composition of its subject matter (or concepts of that subject matter) out of simple (or simpler) components. 15. Positivism- is a teacher centered philosophy that rejects intuition, matters of mind, essences, and inner causes. This philosophy relies on laws of matter and motion as valid, and bases truth on provable fact. It is also known as logical positivism. 16. Scholasticism- students were encouraged to face apparent contradictions in the things they were being taught, and find a consensus between teachings that seemed to oppose each other. They were expected to use their reason and experience — in combination with knowledge that was accepted on the authority of church fathers and teachers — to make their arguments. Scholasticism attempted to reconcile Christian teachings with one another, as well as with such philosophies as Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism. –(debate). Scholasticism focused on training people who would work as theologians, lawyers or doctors, and thus used works of theology, philosophy, medicine and law as a basis for study. 17. Postmodernism- The heart of postmodernism is the view that reality cannot be known nor described objectively. This contrast to the modernist view that says reality can be understood objectively. Postmodernism seeks to correct the imbalances of modernism. It reminds us that we do not possess an unlimited potential to understand and change the world for our own purposes. Ex. Under modernism, the prevailing theory of truth was known as the correspondence theory of truth. That is, something was felt to be true in so much as it corresponds to objective reality found in the world. The correspondence theory of truth caused people to believe that scientific truth equals absolute truth. Postmodernism corrects this by denying the equivalency between scientific truth and absolute truth. All scientific conclusions are now understood to be tentative simply because no one has ever made the infinite number of observations required to learn if there are any exceptions. So, postmodernism corrects modernism by helping us to understand the limits of our reasoning ability and knowledge. But postmodernism then presses things too far. Postmodernism rejects certain ideas of history. Generally refers to a form of contemporary culture, such as art and architecture. It is a style of thought which is suspicious of classical notions of truth, reason, identity, and objectivity. According to Elkind, Postmodernism venerates language rather than thought and honors human diversity as much as it does human individuality.

Why California is considered a hazard hotspot and how it copes

A disaster hotspot is somewhere where there is a threat of two or more hazards to the area, ranging from geophysical to hydro-meteorological hazards. This is certainly the case in California, where there are an abundance of hazards which threaten the safety of the population. These hazards include earthquakes, bushfires, landslides, flooding, drought and fog. A major threat to the 40million strong population of California is earthquakes, which are caused by a network of active faults which run under the coastline of the state, including the San Andreas Fault and the Garlock Fault. The San Andreas Fault is a conservative boundary, which can give rise to powerful earthquakes. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was caused by a rupture on the San Andreas Fault, which is a strike-slip fault meaning it is a crack between two plates sliding past each other. This 7. 7 magnitude earthquake caused a lot of destruction in the San Francisco area, killing an estimated 3000 people and leaving an expensive bill of damage ($9. 5 billion in 2009 dollars). Much of the damage and death toll came as a result of the devastating fires which followed the earthquake, which lasted for four days. The people of California are vulnerable to earthquakes as the faults directly underlie the area and the earthquake events cannot be predicted. As California is part of one of the largest economies in the world, it can afford preventive measures such as an annual earthquake drill and building earthquake proof buildings. Drought is another prevalent threat in California, which also gives rise to wildfires due to dry grounds and air. Droughts are caused by a lack of rainfall, heightened by the onset of La Nina. A particularly bad example of a drought in California was in 1976-77 where they only had half the rainfall compared to a normal year, causing a major crop fail, which in less economically developed countries often leads to a famine disaster. Droughts lead to health problems, particularly for the young and old who are at risk of malnutrition and heatstroke. 2007 was a bad year for wildfires. Prior to these fires the area was experiencing a drought, meaning the land was dry which created good conditions for fires to spread. Across the 19 days of burning, there were 9 deaths, over 500,000 acres of land burned, along with 1500 homes. There had been a build up in bushes in the previous decades of no fires which added to the reason the fires were so destructive as they had a lot of fuel to burn on. California is also at risk of flooding, both coastal and from rivers. These events are largely caused by excessive rainfall. In 1964 the Alaskan earthquake caused a tsunami which devastated parts of California, killing 14 residents. A more recent example of flooding was in December 2010 when hundreds of people were evacuated due to more than 12 inches of torrential rain falling, causing flooding and mudslides. This again caused a lot of economic damage. Other mudslides have occurred across the recent decades, often caused by earthquakes or flooding and erosion. In La Conchita there have been two major mudslides, one in 1995 the other in 2005. The more recent event was far more destructive, burying 15 homes and killing 10 people and was caused by excessive rainfall. In conclusion California is considered a disaster hotspot because its population is vulnerable to a variety of hazards which occur quite frequently and sometimes lead on from one another, for example if there is an earthquake landslides could occur as well as the initial destruction caused by the earthquake itself. As a developed state it has invested money and time to ensure the safety of its residents as much as is possible when the events are unpredictable.

Discussion Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Discussion - Movie Review Example Salvador painting represents surrealism painted in 1931 with significant representation of Dreamscapes that depicts the aforementioned logical attack (Smarthistory 1:23). A view of the painting creates a feeling and thought of desert-scape that inherently gives the sense of safety and satisfaction of being within the landscape generated by the art. The painting depicts an unbearable moment of quietness with significantly no observable movements amongst the elements. The environment created by the art displays absurd nature with seemingly dead tree and unrealistic clocks. The ants that seem to eat from a metal piece rather than rotten flesh further explains the irrational nature depicted in the art (Smarthistory 2:26). Besides the impossibilities and absurdity represented by the art, historians argue that the cliff in the background represents those of Catalonian coast that exist within Northern Spain. In addition, historians argue that the strange figure within the art represents a profile face with nose, tongue and eyelashes (Smarthistory 3:40). The art remains authoritative in explaining the conflict between rational and irrational ideas in humanity thoughts, feelings, and ideas.  Inherent elements of the art, including the strange figure, clock, cliff, and the dead tree explains how the human mind and thinking remain wired in reality. Salvador art represents objectivity of reality with the idealistic question over the existence of particular natural objects such as a clock. Ann Temkin explains the inherent era of artists that dominated by abstract expressionism that occurred between the 1940s and 1950s in New York. The event of abstract expressionism that brought several artists together had the urgency to explore self-creativity in artistry. Most importantly, abstract expressionism aimed at expressing the post-war occurrences. The event had great originality and creativity about the

Trading blocs and their influence on the globalisation of the Essay

Trading blocs and their influence on the globalisation of the marketing strategies - Essay Example The global stage is dominated by the presence of a large number of trading blocs for a number of countries and regions. There are about 30 trading blocs globally across various continents, working either at national or regional levels. In Europe alone, there are three trading blocs, namely European Union, European Free Trade Association and Eurasian Economic Community. However, trade bloc of the European Union is the only one to have the United Kingdom as its member (Floyd, 2001). The world trade is being increasingly dominated by the concept of trade blocs in recent times. This can be clearly exemplified by taking the case of the European Union. Initially, this had only six countries as its members during inception in 1940s, but had 28 countries by end of the first decade of 21st century. NAFTA is another such trade bloc, which promotes trade relations between the USA and Canada (Oh and Suh, 2003). All major trade blocs that exist in the contemporary world, like, ASEAN, NAFTA and Eu ropean Union, have a common objective. The countries that are outside the trading blocs do not enjoy benefits of lower tariff and custom duties on imported goods . Trade blocs have a very important role to play in economic development of a country, primarily because economic progress of a country can be directly related to amount of trade conducted by that country. This is because trade brings new opportunities to a country by opening up its markets, bringing in improved technological innovation and raising the level of production.

Mario Cuomo's Famous 1984 Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mario Cuomo's Famous 1984 Speech - Essay Example Mario Cuomo's famous 1984 speech remains persuasive, on an intellectual level at least, even when stripped down. The full text of the speech was much more convincing, and especially elicited a strong emotional response. Cuomo does an excellent job painting a picture for the listener, which engaged senses other than simply the ears, and ideas that stir the heart as much as the mind. He creates images of different Americas: â€Å"A shining city is perhaps all the President sees from the portico of the White House and the veranda of his ranch† compared to an America where â€Å"people can’t pay their mortgages, and most young people can’t afford one; where students can’t afford the education they need, and the middle-class parents watch the dreams of their children evaporate.† This imagery elicits a strong emotional response. Furthermore, he uses other rhetorical devices, such as repetition, to build a rhythm that contrasts his vision strong from the v ision that he paints of Ronal Reagan.   The passage where he describes a â€Å"credo,† connecting his ideas with religious connotations, then moves into something that sounds almost like a sermon. â€Å"We believe,† he says twelve times, trying elaborate on differences between the Republicans and Democrats. These descriptions also get progressively shorter and shorter, allowing Cuomo to build a rhythm that moves from very specific, long details to short but powerful statements, such as â€Å"we believe in civil right, and we believe in human rights† – statements that raise the hairs on one’s skin and create an incredible emotional response. Based on the above observations, it seems that logic and rhetoric are not inherently connected; rather that rhetoric can augment an already sound logical argument. I firmly believe that if Cuomo’s speech was absent from logic the stripped down version would not be persuasive at all, and the full text wo uld be less persuasive, but possibly still convincing on emotional grounds. It seems that rhetoric can add an emotional layer to a logical argument that would otherwise be absent, which convinces someone not just of the validity of one’s arguments but about the fundamental righteousness of one’s goals and mission. Also, it seems that the rhetorical devices that Cuomo employs would have been just as potent even if they were not overlaid on top of an already logical framework. The â€Å"we believe† section is almost entirely absent from the cut down version that eliminates much of the rhetorical language, show that much of that was simply imagery and rhetoric without much argument. And the imagery he uses in describing the two different visions of America can almost always be used – I doubt there has been a presidential nominee that has failed to use this rhetorical device in the past twenty years.

Sunlife Insurance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sunlife Insurance - Case Study Example The firm had decided to diversify into other businesses at a time when it was facing very stiff competition from new entrants into the insurance business. The company responded so well to the pressures of diversification through moving into the businesses that were contiguous to its traditional insurance base. These businesses included residential mortgages, mutual funds, as well as personal trust services. Through these businesses, the sales agents were able to push the other services of the company, much to the benefit of the company. The mutual funds business was able to generate profits at a time when other companies were recording losses and therefore diversification into the line of business and relying on the sales agents was a good decision (Sun Life Financial, 2012). By getting into the other lines of businesses like consumer banking, the firm was able to attract other customers through its other businesses like the consumer banking where the agents were referring the custom ers at the bank to buy mortgages and the other services offered by the firm.   Its partnership with Century 21 Real Estate enabled it to get to sell mortgage packs to the customers referred to it by the real estate firm into which it bought some stake sometime earlier. The agency system the company had invested in enable the firm to achieve very broad coverage that it would not have been able to have it gone for the brokerage system used by other firms. All in all, the decision to diversify into the other lines of business favored it.

Research Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Method - Essay Example Inamulhaq (2012) discussed that there are different techniques which can be adopted by nurses and other health practitioners in order to ensure and improve hand washing techniques. One of these methods is health education, and this would necessitate the actual training of the staff in relation to proper hand washing techniques in the clinical setting (Inamulhaq, 2012). The availability of antibacterial soaps was also highlighted as an important means of ensuring the application of hand washing techniques. Moreover, facilities where hand washing can be carried out can also be made available in as many places as possible for the hospital staff (Inamulhaq, 2012). In the paper by Erasmus and colleagues (2010), the importance of action planning, was established as one of the effective ways hand washing among nurses can be improved. Action planning involves active participation in the hand washing process, for example, nurses may list when they are supposed to wash their hands. Covering 17 participants in a pilot study on hand hygiene behaviour, the authors established that where an action plan for the nurses is established before or during the shift, the possibility of ensuring that hand washing is carried out becomes greater (Erasmus, et.al., 2010). The action plan then soon becomes part of the nurse’s routine and the possibility of compliance is significantly improved (Erasmus, et.al., 2010). In the study by Nicol, et.al., (2009) the authors emphasized the theory of planned behaviour. The study revealed that the theory of planned behaviour could sufficiently help improve the education and training of nurses in hand hygiene behaviour (Nicol, et.al., 2009). This study was also able to demonstrate that deep-seated habits which are incorporated well into a person’s activities have a significant potential of improving a certain activity or behaviour (Nicol, et.al., 2009). The theory of planned

Puerto Rico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Puerto Rico - Essay Example Through my research, I gained information on some places around the world which tourists categorize to be the most breathtaking amazing sites. My academic course incorporates the subject of tourism; the event enriched my understanding of Puerto Rico as a tourist location. The event is also related to my academic course in the sense that, it has served as a learning resource to me. This event, relates to the holidays we are currently having, in that, it will be a destination site during the holiday. Watching the event is more like watching Puerto Rico being advertised as a tourist destination site. This program relates to both international and global issue since people all around the world are interested with phenomenal tourist site such as Puerto Rico. Since the program acts like an advertisement tool, it influences global tourism (Dietz 87). Watching the event, made me remember, the first experience I had when I was touring the Caribbean Islands. I reminisced over the thrilling feelings I had some years back when I walked on white sandy beaches for the first time. In particular, I appreciate the fact that I got first hand and detailed information on Puerto Rico. The program, showed spectacular features on the landscape, such as different kinds of coral reefs, which I had never come through when researching on tourist sites. Through the program, I gained more knowledge on Puerto Rico’s history. The information on the landscape made me appreciate and understand some geography, because it talked of how the various physical features on the island came to be formed. (Dietz

Business Law Phase 2 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law Phase 2 Individual Project - Essay Example said contract period, to comply with any provision of this Agreement intended for the client’s protection or benefit, or that that by its sense and context, is intended to survive the completion, expiration or termination of this Agreement. Contractor understands that no work should begin under this agreement until all required signatures on this Agreement have been obtained. Any work performed by contractor prior to such time shall be considered as having been performed at the contractor’s own risk and as a volunteer. Client may terminate this Agreement in whole or in part for its sole Convenience. Upon notice of such termination, Contractor shall immediately stop all work including shipment of goods under this Agreement and cause its suppliers and/or subcontractors to cease their work for this Agreement. In the event of such termination, Contractor shall be entitled to payment, calculated on a pro rata or other equitable basis, determined by the Client in its sole discretion, for work or services satisfactorily performed. In no event shall Contractor be paid for work performed or costs incurred after receipt of notice of termination, or for costs incurred by suppliers or subcontractors, which reasonably could have been avoided. Offer: It is mentioned that the offeror/ contractor offers to perform the house renovation as agreed upon in ‘annex 1’. Basing on the given guidelines, the contractor shall render the service needed by the client in exchange for monetary payment at the end of the contract period. It is also stated how the contractor expects to be compensated in the ‘Terms of Payment’ section. As such, the contractor is able to clearly state what is expected of him while bound by this service contract. Acceptance: The client/ offeree signified his intent to comply with his side of the agreement by signing off the document. With this, the client makes it clear that he understands what is expected of him as a client and agrees to pay for the

Athens State Information Systems and Information Technology Research Paper

Athens State Information Systems and Information Technology - Research Paper Example Student Advising Module is an element that is provided by Athens State University through Banner. SAM is the students’ official plan of the study which gives students chances to view courses according to year. It also allows the students to view unofficial transcripts, degree plans, as well as grades from the courses, completed recently. SAM’s applicability is the matter to the accurateness of the academic history of students as well as the programs that are installed in SAM. It allows the students to receive the updated transcripts regarding the raises as well as promotions after completing the degrees or courses. This means that the students get information directly from the instructor posts the grades. The degree planner offers students guarantee for coursework pertinent to degree plan as well as the updated grade for expected graduation. SunGard Banner has utilized by the Athens State University. It has helped the University in analyzing, measure as well as improves academic programs and student victory projects. This is an automated self-service software package that connects the whole institution. Banner provides, as well as grades from the courses, s, account information, and needs of course material and individual information control ability to students of Athens States University. This system assists the students who in few years ago had to travel to the institution in order to get and fill the forms, and move from one campus to another in order to finish the required tasks.  

ICT in Organisations Essay Example for Free

ICT in Organisations Essay 1: Introduction: What is EPOS? What is epos? Epos is a name for a till that operates in big organisation. EPOS systems are mainly used by businesses that have large numbers of regular sales like debenhams, EPOS stands for Electronic Point of Sale, is an electronic system that processes credit cards transactions so that the credit card has the right funds in it ,it is also Checkout tills that are connected to a computer with a bar code scanner that scans the products . The EPOS also provides full stock control; it also provides the tracking of refunding goods. It electronically receives and sends bar code information. How debenhams use epos is that it controls Product handling at point of sale, stock control, automatic reordering and rate of sale information and also is set up to retain a database of all customers volunteering their name/address/telephone number, for the purpose of mailing lists or other marketing database. EPOS can hold details on a maximum of 100,000 stock items. It Takes about 0.25 seconds per product to find its name /country / expiry date, With a 10,000 item stock file. The barcode can be read with a hand held scanner at the checkout .the scanner makes a light appears the reflects off the barcode. The white lines on a barcode reflect the light strongly while the black lines reflect less strongly. There are many differnet types of epos systems that have different makes and different types of size , proccesor , speed a Epos systems include the following features that are on EPOS systems that are in debenhams * Barcode entry sales * Discounts for staff customers * Stock search * Refunds to customers * Stock control * entry for credit card details * customers details * suppliers details * statements * invoices * make barcodes * stores details 2 : description of each of the components Input devices Input devices that are used at debenhams are à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Keyboard à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mouse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Scanner à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Barcode reader à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sensors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Magnetic stripe reader à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Touch screens Input devices are devices that can enter the computer, input devices can give access to information so that it can be stored or entered in the computer for processing or the act of storing goods or the state of being stored on a magnetic tape or a storage device that stores information. Input devices One input device that is on an epos system that is used in debenhams that I will be discussing in detail will be a keyboard. One of the most used input devices in debenhams is called a keyboard, it changes key presses into the computer code, say for example pressing the C key produces electrical signals which the computer uses to represent that letter. Computer uses a different code for each character on the keyboard. A key board is also A hardware device consisting of a number of mechanical buttons (keys) which the user presses to input characters to a computer. How keyboards input devices work is that When a key is pressed, it pushes down on a rubber dome sitting beneath the key. A conductive contact on the underside of the dome touches (and hence connects) a pair of conductive lines on the circuit below. This bridges between them and allows current to flow changing the signal strength. A scanning signal is worked by the chip along the pairs of lines to all the keys. When the signal in one pair becomes different, the chip generates a make code corresponding to the key connected to that pair of lines. The code generated is sent to the computer either via a keyboard cable or over a wireless connection. A chip inside the computer receives the signal bits and decodes them into the appropriate key press. The computer then decides what to do on the basis of the key pressed (e.g. display a character on the screen, or perform some action). There are many different types of keyboards that are used in a epos systems but one that is used at debenhams is called a QWERTY keyboards named after the first six alphabetic keys on the keyboard . Keyboards are especially useful for entering text and numbers. How a type of input device that is used in debenhams which is called a keyboard is used is that it helps the employees working at debenhams to find prices of products that loses it barcode or if they have a mistake in the receipt it can resolve the mistake and give them there money back or if they have to multiply a product more than once so that they dont have to carry it because if its to heavy . They input devices used as part of EPOS in debenhams There are many input devices that are used at debenhams for EPOS systems , one of them is a Bar code scanner its make is Symbol LS6000 , the second input devices that I will be talking about is a Magnetic stripe reader its make is NCR and also its a 3 track reader . Processor used The processor (also called Central Processing Unit, or CPU) is the part of the computer that actually works with the data and runs the programs. the processor is called the brain of the computer, It is a microchip which carries out all of the searching, sorting, selecting and calculating within the computer. Specification of the processor used at debenhams is that most common CPUs in PCs are Celeron Processors made by Intel , it has a fast speed measured in MHz and also it has a hardware that can get the computer up to scratch . .the processor is needed in debenhams epos systems because it helps debenhams to sort everything up to date and get everything sorted to scratch so that it can run like a functional company and also helps debenhams to calculate its shares so that they can know whither the have loses or profits . I think the processor helps debenhams get up to date for that debenhams can gain profits because they have a well fulfilling company that meets its processing needs. The processors used as part of an EPOS system in debenhams There are many processors used at debenhams for epos systems ,one of them is a Store server its make is NCR Worldmark 4455 and the processor type is Pentium Xeon and its processor speed is 500MHz and the size of the RAM is 500MHz. the second processor I will be talking about is the mainframe , its make is IBM ISeries model 840, its size is 3.1Tb, its processor type is 64 bit RISC #23FC , and its processor speed is 16,500 CPW batch 2,000 CPW Interactive . Output devices devices that are used at debenhams are * VDU * Printers * Monitor * Scanner * Hand held barcode scanners

A Study And Report On Social Work

A Study And Report On Social Work Social work has always been considered as a difficult and complex occupation, with a complicated and perplexing framework. This is due to its different settings accompanying different tasks. An inevitable part of social work is its values and ethics and the questions and debates that surround its structure. Although values can be considered as personal and individualistic, it is also possible for a group with the same beliefs to share the same values, such as social work. It is important to acknowledge that values continually shape our actions and it is of the opinion of Ronnby (1992) â€Å"that someone becomes a social worker because they have the same ethics and values and attach them to the position†. Biestek developed traditional values in the late 50s. (Biestek, 1961). His principles outlined the basics of traditional social work and were constructed of a seven-point scheme. The principles consisted of 1. Individualism.2. Purposeful expression of feelings. 3. Controlled emotional involvement. 4. Acceptance. 5. Non-judgmental attitude 6. User self-determination.7. Confidentiality, Many of Biestek beliefs were very traditional and were criticised for their diversity in their interpretation. Controversies relating to different principles caused many problematic conclusions e.g. individualisation and confidentiality. Individualisation could not be possible in the fast moving modern world, people lose their identity and individualisation is not respected. Confidentiality has its limitations to be enforced e.g. If a user divulges information where someone will be harmed, the social workers duty is to share it as a right to other individuals. It was clear these key issues had to be developed and advanced to help social workers. It was considered that there must be guidance on values and ethics for social workers, as they play a major part in their work Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work was a significant part in the development in education for social workers. It is also acknowledge by (CCETSW, 1998) that it is a necessary part as the title suggest, that social workers must gain an understanding of ethical awareness as part of the professional practice. Skill development gave social workers a range of skills that are needed to ensure that social work is a high quality profession. The CCETSW set out details of a number of competencies that they should be able to cover in their work. It is considered that there are two main ideologies within social work, social justice and personal caring. These were considered to be benefit for social workers as they exercised anti-oppressive practice. They produced a list that social workers had to identify with. This stated that a social worker: . Should be committed to: Respect and value of individuals Promote peoples rights to choice privacy protection and confidentiality, while looking at the rights and demands The right of individuals to make choices Strengths and skill embodied local communities Right of protection for those at risk Social workers should be able to do: Develop awareness of inter-relationship of the process of structural oppression, race, class and gender Understand and counter act the impact of discrimination from poverty, age, disability and sectarianism Demonstrate an awareness of individual and institutional racism Understand gender issues and demonstrate anti-sexism in social work practice Promote policies and practices which are non- discriminatory and anti- oppressive Demonstrating these skills in learning, acknowledge that they had competence in practice. The Central Council for Education in Social Work stated that ‘practice must be founded on, informed by and capable of being judged against a clear value base (CCETSW, 1995). This knowledge base was very important, but it did not give ready-made answers as to how social workers should continue in any particular situation. However it gives lots of insight and clues about situations that social workers may face, it also enabled them to have an appropriate response for any particular predicament. Never the less it is still down to the individual social worker to acquire and expand their knowledge base for practising in social work. The range of skills that can develop from learning will be responsible for an established and high quality in the service that are offered to service users. There are professional ethical standards that are relevant to social workers in practice. These allowed social workers to work at a professional standard and to behave professionally. These standards concern ethical responsibilities to clients, colleagues, social work profession and responsibilities to the broader society. Some of the standards are guidelines for professional conduct, such as the code of ethics for social workers. For social work the code of ethics plays a major role in its training, policy making and its professional literature. These guidelines provide a framework for making sense of the practice in social work. The code of ethics for social workers (BASW 1996) was put in place in 1975 to ensure that social workers had a set of guidelines for professional activities. The primary objective of the Code of Ethics is to make these pragmatic principles clear for the protection of clients and other members of society. Its principal objectives are to ensure that the professional social workers were recognised as a non-bias worker. The code covered two main areas, including principles and practice, The statement of principles covers social workers understanding and identifying of the values and dignity for every human being, irrespective of origin, race, status, sex, sexual orientation, age, disability, or religious belief. Social workers are expected to prevent and eliminate exploitation and discrimination against any person, group, or class on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, colour, sex, sexual orientation, age, marital status, political belief, religion, or mental or physical disability. Millerson (1964) argued that the code of ethics could become irrelevant, as it was difficult to use, as it could not be dominated by one specific area within social work. Millerson noted that there were many areas of specialist including child protection, community care, mental health and family therapy, that it becomes more difficult use the code as a principal source of moral guidance. Ethical awareness is a necessary part of the professional practice of any social worker. His or her ability to act ethically is an essential aspect of the quality of the service offered to clients. It has been thought that the code of ethics was set in place to allow social work to be recognised as a professional occupation. Social workers were expected to Identify and interpret the basis and nature of individual, group, community and social problems. Illustrating their ability to recognise professional and personal limitations, and refrain from any behaviour that may damage the profession. The uncertainty of day to day practice brings with it many ethical dilemmas, which are a challenge for many social workers. The complexities of ethical dilemmas arise when a social worker has two or more possible undesirable conclusions that go against their own moral principals, these dilemmas cause a battle because they have to make a choice and they dont know which one is right. Professional service shall assist clients to take responsibility for personal actions and help all clients with equal willingness. Social work is a decision making occupation that can lead to many problems, the feeling of guilt and blame for the outcome of many decisions that they have been involved in. This may cause much stress and strain for social workers in having to make major decisions and choices, but also to take responsibility for any outcomes that may go wrong. This essay has described the value base of social work in its development and education, also looking at its effect and consequences. Learning base work can give possible solution as to how social workers should proceed in a situation; it can also give lots of insights into fields that they have no experience in. The codes of ethics standards were explained and considered it has been argued of its effect and purpose, its usefulness and its guidance for the profession of social workers. How we deal with them will always be a challenging and stimulating process for all social workers. There are many instances in professional social work where simple answers are not available to resolve complex ethical issues. A case study has been discussed and analysed, showing anti-oppressive practice. It is shown that power and oppression of all kinds must be regulated and resisted, we must acknowledge that power and oppression is always present in individuals and within society. In conclusion social work can be a challenging subject and one that will actively push the boundaries of all social workers on a personal level and professional level. It is agreed within social work that ethics, morals and values are all an inescapable part of professional practice and ‘Ethical awareness is a necessary part of practice of any social work (IFSW, 1994). Values and ethics are not simply reasonable matters that we can unravel through logical arguments; they are a combination of thoughts and feelings closely linked to action. There must be distinctions on how to apply social work values and ethics into their professional work, without causing personal conflict. //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Moreover, the Social work values emphasises that the social workers should â€Å"identifies and question their own values and prejudices, and their implication of practice;†¦ and they should â€Å"Respect and value uniqueness and adversity†¦.and identify (discrimination), analyse and take action to counter discrimination, racism, disadvantage, inequality and injustice using strategies appropriate to role and context† (CCETSW, paper 30 referred in UB. 2002: 6). Therefore, the social work value gave people a direct power to clients by letting them choosing and decide for themselves and social worker are advised to â€Å"promote opportunities for people to use their own strengths to make decisions for themselves (CCETSW, paper 30 cited in UB. 2002: 4). In other words, social work has widened the concept of ‘freedom and ‘toleration by being considerate for all members of the community, which is now-a-days known as ‘anti-discrimination, freedom of choice and ‘equality. //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// There are also issues regarding to social workers practice e.g. practicing in ‘traditional way due to personal prejudices, which has oppressed the clients and has stigmatized the social work itself. Thompson (1997: 11) emphasise that the â€Å"†¦social work practice which does not take account of oppression and discrimination can not be seen as ‘good practice†¦.†. The ‘bad practice is portrayed through the media but the good practice is not awarded and neither praised by media. The social work constantly reviews the policies to encounter prejudices and emphasises high on anti-discriminatory practice. /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// The concise oxford English dictionary defines â€Å"values† as â€Å"principles or standards of behaviour†. Personal values can very dependent on our social, cultural and religious background. Although being inherent these values can change as we develop and mature and become less dependent on the values that are important to our parents, family and peers. David Howe (1999) advises that â€Å"values are important because they help to guide action† (Study Unit 1, p.18) he also suggests â€Å"values spell debate and trouble† (Study Unit 1, P.18), values can cause conflict and tensions which need to be reflected upon. I come from a large family and lived on a council housing estate where family and neighbours â€Å"looked out† for one another. I have six brothers and one sister and, although we were disciplined, our parents always showed their love for us. Within my immediate and extended family there was a feeling of security in that we all knew we ha d people who cared for us and who would always be there for us no matter what. It was inherent in us to care for each other and I perhaps made the assumption that most families had the same values as ours. I think I considered people who did not have these values to be untrustworthy, unreliable and uncaring and at that time I did not realise that this was a preconceived opinion based on no actual experience. It was not until I started to work in residential childcare that I began to question my prejudices. I realised that not everybody was brought up with the same values as I had been and that my values and beliefs would change and grow through my experiences within my work. I worked with many children and young people from varied cultural, religious, racial and social backgrounds with a wide range of emotional and behavioural difficulties. I saw how little some parents/carers valued their children and how badly they treated them. As parents/carers have such a big influence over a c hilds life this meant that the children themselves had very little self worth or value, with low self- esteem and feelings of social isolation. They found difficulty in forming relationships, having been subjected to various levels of physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Through this experience I achieved a greater sympathy and understanding of how peoples life history can affect their future. People have individual life experiences and because of this their values and beliefs are very often different from our own. The speakers on tape one (K111 Side 1 Band I) state that we should â€Å"reflect on our own prejudices and not skip over them and we should be willing to accept others beliefs†. I have learned through experience that we cannot impose our own personal values and opinions on others; we must constantly re-evaluate our thoughts and actions. Ian Parr PI M5564134 K111 TMA02 Page 2 An experience with one of the young people in the Childrens Residential Unit where I worked illustrates how my values have been called into question and reflected upon. The young person had only had contact with his mother, who was white and had never met his father, who was black. His father had a long troubled history involving drug and alcohol abuse. When he was 9 years old, the young person chose to make contact with his father, against the wishes of his mother and siblings, who were born to a different father. They thought that contact would split the family even further and this put a lot of pressure on the young person. The father at first offered consistency but this was short lived and there were problems with his lack of basic parenting skills. To alleviate these problems it was necessary to build a working relationship with the father to improve the lack of support given to the young person. Whilst dealing with these problems it was important to work in a non-judgmental wa y as there were issues that whilst they may have seemed adequate to some, I did not totally agree with. This taught me that it was important to allow the young people choices, and to respect those choices, and to allow them to take control of their lives. Empowering a young person will give them â€Å"more control over their lives, to have a greater voice in institutions, service and situations which affect them†(Bray Preston-Shoot, 1998:48 cited in set book Adams, Dominelli and Payne, p.38) There were also issues surrounding the fathers race. The mother and the siblings were all white and lived in a white environment and this caused some strain between the children. By using positive encouragement and working in an Anti-Oppressive (seeking fundamental change in power structures and exploitative relationships which maintain inequality and oppression)(Bray Preston-Shoot 1995 cited in Study Unit 1, Part A, p.77), Anti-Racist and Anti-Discriminatory (challenging unfairness or inequity)(Bray Preston-Shoot 1995 cited in Study Unit 1, Part A, p.77) way I managed to alleviate some of the problems. This made me reflect on how important a persons culture is to their identity and I have learned not to discriminate on the grounds of race, religion, culture, language, social status and life-style. In â€Å"identifying and questioning my own values and prejudices†(CCETSW 1996 p.18 Aids to Practice Cards) I am constantly re-evaluating my thoughts and actions through reflection. During my past experience I have also become aware that â€Å"our professional values may sometimes conflict with those of organizations for whom we work† (Aids to Practice Card, Valuing). I took care of two young brothers who, when they were placed in the residential care home where I worked, had serious attachment disorders, behavioural problems and mental health issues. My colleagues and I worked closely with them in conjunction with other relevant agencies, which included Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, in order to enable them to gain trust and establish relationships with us. The children were thriving in our care and had stopped self-harming but, after two years of working with them, the funding local authority decided, because of lack of funding, to remove the boys from their placement and return them to a facility in their hometown. This was done against their wishes and against the advice of the mental health team. Ian Parr PI M5564134 K111 TMA02 Page 3 The childrens right to choice was disregarded. As social workers are challenged to be advocates for those who are unable to advocate for themselves and â€Å"all the social workers efforts should be directed towards removing the obstacles which enable the service user to take control of their own life†(Aids to Practice card Advocacy Empowerment) the decision was contrary to my personal and professional values and a difficult one to accept. This experience made me reflect that there will be times during my practice when my values will conflict with others but difficult decisions will always have to be made. I hope I can learn from past mistakes within the system and continue to practice within my professional code as described in the course reader, â€Å"will respect their clients as individuals and will seek to ensure that their dignity, rights and responsibility shall be safeguarded† (BASW 1986 Set Book Adams, Dominelli, Payne, p.34) Describe your current understanding of professional social work values and how you have arrived at this understanding. Outline those issues which you find problematic and want to work on during your present placement. Professional social work values as listed in the course material (K111 stage 1 p.20) are part of the core competencies. The K111 aids to practice card (valuing) defines these as â€Å"having a clear set of values which actively informs your social work practice, particularly concerning promoting the intrinsic ‘worth or ‘value of another human being†. These are values that need to be inherent within any professional and indeed hopefully within each worker on a professional and a private basis. My own understanding of professional social work values has changed and evolved over time through my own past experiences. I feel that, fundamentally, respect for other people is the most important value as ultimately you should treat people the way that you would wish to be treated yourself â€Å"There is a long tradition in social work that emphasises the importance of ‘respect for people'(Study Unit 1, Part A, P.76). Bisteck, 1961 (as cited in K111 study unit 1 p.76) listed â€Å"seven principles of casework which included acceptance, self-determination, confidentiality, individualisation and a non-judgemental attitude. These are grouped together under the umbrella of ‘respect for persons†. I feel that I have learned to build on my respect for others through past contact with service users, especially in residential care where the majority of children and young people had little or no self-respect. Valuing something means that we know its worth. â€Å"This is essential in social work precisely because many service users are seen as ‘undeserving by society, or as worthless. Indeed, some service users have this view of themselves†(Aids to Practice Card, Valuing). Treating them as individuals, each with their own identity, and not as part of a homogenous group, helped me to understand how important self-identity, self-awareness and self-worth is. Ian Parr PI M5564134 K111 TMA02 Page 4 I have been able to reflect on this and bring it into my practice. Although I did not necessarily agree with or approve of the values and behaviours of the families of some of the young people it was imperative that I was guided by the ‘values of social work (CCETSW 1996 p.18, Aids to Practice Card, The Values of Social Work) and that I communicated a non-judgmental attitude toward them. Acceptance of others and a belief in the worth and dignity of every human being are values that are conveyed through non-judgmental behaviour. To be able to respect another persons privacy and safeguard confidentiality affirms that persons worth and dignity. I presently work with children from areas that are classed as â€Å"disadvantaged†; these areas have a high transient population from all over the country, including the travelling community. This makes for a wide range of cultures, religions, social status, ethnic minorities and to treat people as individuals and â€Å"respect and value uniqueness and diversity†(Aids to Practice Card, The Values of Social Work) is essential when practising in such diverse social settings. The travellers who I have worked with have views which are very different to my own. They believe that girls do not need to be educated at all and that boys only need formal education until the age of ten. Because this goes against my personal values I sometimes find it difficult to promote peoples right to choice in such situations but I do recognise the need to â€Å"work with individuals and families from backgrounds and cultures of which I may have little direct experience in a way which is sensitive to this diversity† (Study Unit 1, Part A p.19). I try to recognise that changes must come from within the service user and that we cannot impose our standards and values on them. However, I am always conscious of the need to be aware of any child protection issues and the need to â€Å"assist people to increase control of and i mprove the quality of their lives, while recognising that control of behaviour will be required at times in order to protect children and adults from harm†(Study Unit 1, Part A, P.20) I am constantly learning about myself and other people and re-examining my own attitudes and prejudices. The K111 Aids to Practice card Valuing, informs us that â€Å"the assumption is that the values which inform training will come to influence practice† and perhaps more importantly, â€Å"having a set of principles to apply to the practice of ‘valuing the existence and contribution of another human being, of respecting them and upholding their rights and responsibilities, is seen as essential to accountable social work†. The values that are central to social care should affect all aspects of my working practice. My current understanding is that the profession of social work centres on the improvement of quality of life for people and the enhancement of human potential for full, productive participation in society. If we let our own personal values be guided by the â€Å"values of social work†(Aids to Practice Cards, The Values of Social Work) then we woul d allow everyone that we come into contact with to try and develop their full potential whilst also giving them the choice of and responsibility over their own actions. Ian Parr PI M5564134 K111 TMA02 Page 5 References: Adams. R, Dominelli. L, Payne.M, 2nd Edition Social Work: Themes, Issues and Critical Debates, Palgrave K111 Social Work Practice Learning, Stage 1, 2002, Aid to Practice Cards, The Open University, Milton Keynes K111 Social Work Practice Learning, Stage 1, 2002, The Open University, Milton Keynes. K111 Social Work Practice Learning, Stage 1, 2002, Tape 1, Bands E-I Pearsall. J, The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2002), 10th Edition, University Press /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Day 2: Users expectations of social workers The main points that I felt were reiterated during the sessions led by the service users were; an expectation that the partnership with their social worker would possess the positive qualities of any good relationship. The focus was on an open and equal attitude, mutual trust and respect. Empowerment was crucial to the service user as it addresses their feelings of impotence within society; this can be achieved by being informative e.g. sign posting to other agencies for support and empowerment and assisting with direct payments so that service users can make their own decisions regarding their care. I learned that it was the positive qualities of any good relationship that were most appreciated such as a personal and friendly approach; practical offers of practical help i.e. useful phone numbers and keeping to appointment times and agreed timescales and these made the difference between a good working partnership and a poor one. One service user felt that, because she presented as v ery articulate and independent, she had not been offered assistance with filling in forms for direct payments, which highlighted to me that a positive assumption can lead to needs not being met. (193) Day 3: Carers expectations of social workers One of the key things that I learned from the meeting with carers and my own experience within my family was the emotional rollercoaster of the 24hour commitment involved. One of the case studies we looked at during the module highlighted how the focus of support is mainly directed at the service user and the needs of the carer are often overlooked. One point that stood out from one of the lectures was how personality has some influence on what care is appropriate for that person. The example given was a service user whose mental health problems sometimes conflicted with the delivery of care for his physical health problems adding extra stress for the partner and carer. As a family carer myself I identified with how good sign posting from the social worker can assist with the frustrating process of trying to gather knowledge of how and where help can be accessed. I also identified with other carers experiences of the need for the professionals involved with our family members care to respect our family members individuals needs e.g. her religion and her food preferences to maintain dignity. Maintaining good interprofessional relationships was highlighted, to maintain cohesion and continuity of care and to be prepared to advocate on behalf of the carer and service user. (217) Day 4: Cultural competence Cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and economic differences impact on how individuals and groups access and use health, education, and social services. They can also present barriers to working in partnership in health care interventions particularly when practitioners stereotype, misinterpret, make faulty assumptions, or mishandle with insensitivity their encounters with individuals and groups viewed as different in terms of their backgrounds and experiences. Adopting an anti-oppressive approach by admitting and reflecting on personal biases, stereotypes, and prejudices is the starting point of developing cultural competence, the next stage is to be sensitive to cultural norms, attitudes, and beliefs; in fact valuing the diversity of cultural difference. Other important ways in which you may become more culturally competent and avoid potential pitfalls would be in learning verbal and nonverbal cues of other cultures, becoming more comfortable in cross-cultural situations by assessing wha t works and what does not. By assessing how the beliefs and behaviours of the cultural group affect the service user, their interaction with services offered, learning to negotiate between the persons beliefs and practices and the culture of your profession, cultural competence can be achieved. I am valuing the opportunities this course is affording me in developing my cultural awareness by learning from and with people from a variety of different cultural and social backgrounds. (214) Day 5: Social workers use of power and authority My concerns about using professional authority are about finding myself in situations that require careful judgement due to the consequences for both service user and myself because of my own actions or non-actions. I can ensure that I acquire up-to-date knowledge of the values and principles of the British Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics for Social Work and work by them at all times. Other sources of help in verifying that I was not using the powers and authority invested in me appropriately would be talking to line managers, referring to the General Social Care Council codes of practice and referring to the National Occupational Standards for Social Work. Other ways of seeking assistance would be to discuss dilemmas and reflect upon similar case studies weighing up the consequences of certain courses of action. Seeking help from other professionals and agencies may give a fresh perspective, however, it is a case of balancing personal and professional judgement in the c ontext of codes and guidelines of the profession and treading the thin line between safe holding and violation. (178) PART 2 The personal impact of the learning that took place on the topic of cultural competence was that it gave me greater understanding of how everybody differed in their own individual perceptions of their culture, background and religion. This realisation has increased my self-awareness of my own cultural identity and how that has shaped my own values and opinions. I am aware that in society we often group people according to their cultural background, based on appearance or religion, when what real

Comparison Of Bureaucratic And Non Bureaucratic Organisations Commerce Essay

Comparison Of Bureaucratic And Non Bureaucratic Organisations Commerce Essay The Style of bureaucratic organization has totally different structure as compare to the non bureaucratic organizations. The bureaucratic style is preferred due to its technical style of administration but for the new and small and medium size organizations no bureaucratic style is most popular. Here are comparisons between these two: Suitability: Bureaucratic style is more suitable for large organization but for new small and medium size organization the non bureaucratic style is more suitable Utilization of Human resources : In the non bureaucratic the human resources are more effectively and efficiently used by the organization as compare to the other style. Creativity and Innovation: As the non bureaucratic organizations is more flexible environment so the more chances o creativity and innovation is in non bureaucratic as compare to bureaucratic organizations. (Stamm V B: 2008), Operational control: In the bureaucratic organizations the control command for operations are distributed while in non bureaucratic there is a centralised command of control for the operations of the organization. Time Saving: In bureaucratic organizations there is very long chain of command and when the order is given by the higher authority from top to down level it takes more time to communicate while in the non bureaucratic direct orders are given from the higher authority to the subordinates in order to get the spontaneous response. It takes less time and more time to work is devoted. Motivational level: The level of motivation is very high in non bureaucratic style because the direct orders are given from the top level and more rewards and appreciation is given by higher level to the subordinates directly while in bureaucratic style the top level has rarely communicate directly to the subordinates. (Sapru R.K: 2006) Structure: Non bureaucratic structure is more volatile as compare to the bureaucratic structure. Communication and policies and procedures: In bureaucratic there is poor level of communication while in non bureaucratic the level of communication and passing information from top to down is much quicker and faster. However, In bureaucratic style there are written documents of policies and procedures and if any problem comes they can resolve it by using that policies and procedures while it is absent in non bureaucratic organization. As in bureaucratic organizations there are more policies and procedures which are followed by the employees and they feel no freedom and less motivated environment as compare to on bureaucratic organizations where people are more motivated and more efficient to make the organization more successful. Preferred Organization: As discuss earlier that the non bureaucratic organization style is more suitable for small and medium sized organization while for higher or big organizations the bureaucratic style is more suitable. While I have seen that in non bureaucratic style the flexibility of work, communication from top to down and motivational level of the employees are high so they chase easily chase the goal of the organization. However every organization has its own style and structure and it is not easy to decide for a particular organization that which structure is best for them. After critical analysis I will choose non bureaucratic style because the motivational factor involved in it is the main point for my organization and as motivation brings innovation and creativity in the organization. As in 1995 Herzberg says During work the different factors which motivate people and different from those which create dissatisfaction **The factors which are usually involved in doing the job related to job satisfier while the factors which define the job context usually relates the job dissatisfies.** Advantages and Disadvantages: Every organization has its own style and every style has its own advantages and disadvantages. So these are as follows: Advantages of Non-Bureaucratic Organization: Non bureaucratic organization style is more flexible and easy to adopt the changes in any organization. As the authority has direct communication to the subordinates so the fast communication makes the response quicker and efficient. There is no long chain of command which saves the time and efficient use of human resources at its potential. Employees are more motivated by rewards and appreciation by the higher authorities directly which bring the innovation and creativity in any organization as the decision and working environmental are more flexible so more quicker to adopt the global changes which keeps the employees more responsive and responsible to chase the organizational objectives. As there is no long hierarchy so any employee can be given work without any time limit and position burden. So the employees can take their own initiatives and make decision in order to complete the task without waiting the higher authority permission. Disadvantages of non-Bureaucratic Organization: The main disadvantage is that the structure is very informal there are not any hard and fast rules, policies and procedures in the written form. There is lack of standardisation so the problems arise in the organization on the same issues cannot be solved so the workforce are involved to put their input to solve the problem. As the centralisation of command of control make the employees to depend only on the top authority or single person to fulfil the operations or tasks of the organization. However every new small and medium organization will look forward to be expanding in the future so this non-bureaucratic style should be changed into the bureaucratic style in order to handle the tasks and operations of the organization in more effective and efficient way. Due to the absence of proper procedures and policies in the written form sometimes its very hard for the organization to fulfil the requirements. Conclusion: According to me the non bureaucratic style has some edge over the traditional bureaucratic style as it is more flexible and easy to adopt changes in this modern style of era. Although every organization has aits own structure according to its requirements and size. Although the non bureaucratic has some disadvantages like lack of standardisation and absence of written policies and procedures but still it is suitable for the small and medium size organizations. However while choosing the style of an organization its all depend on the nature and size and the main operations which is carried out by the organization. At the end every non bureaucratic is turn into bureaucratic as it grows and capture more market shares. So in the start of any new business the non bureaucratic style is adopted while it expand than there should be written rules, policies and procedures which should be followed by the employees in order to solve the problems and to attain the major objectives and goals of any organization. This is a world of changes and future is uncertain so there should be some sort of innovation and creativity in the organization and its workforce should be satisfied with their work level and responsibilities. Thus the main purpose is to purse the organizations objectives and goals whether it is bureaucratic or non bureaucratic in style because both have their own advantages and disadvantages.