Fascism - Alternative Approach Essay -- essays research papers

Fascism. The name of this movement al unity provokes thoughts of hate, racism and evil throughout all modern western civilizations. Never before has one denomination created such a cultural taboo for well two generations. As a people, we at once think of Fascism as Hitlers methodical destruction of nearly six million Jews during World War II, just now as a movement, there is so much more to be learned. It is the aim of this paper to accurately and without judgement look at Fascism from its creation to modern day applications.     Benito Mussolini was catapulted into power in 1919 after helping create and naming his movement Fascism. Italian Fascism began on the left but stressed the dire need for strong nationalism with an urgency to industrialize. His style prized violence, precedentism and anti-materialism, bonding him with the plight of the socialists of the time. As time went on in Italy, Mussolini merged with many modern corporations, luring him further and further to the right. Benitos vision of Fascism facilitated national liberation, and racism was never his political nor personal goal. Many of Mussolinis top aids and elite were Jews prior to his alliance with Hitler in 1937. In 1932 Mussolini wrote a lengthy definition of Fascism for the Italian Encyclopedia. This work shows exactly what it was Mussolini believed he was doing, creating a new wave of change. The definition is lengthy and often repetitive, however it is absolutely essential to the understanding of fundamental fascism that some of its points be explained and discussed herein.     "Fascism, the more it considers and observes the future and the information of humankindity quite apart from political considerations of the moment, believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who give courage to meet it. All o ther trials are substitutes, which never really put men into the position where they have to make the great decision -- the alternative of life or death.... "     This paragraph alone explains the reasons for nearly all modern wars in this century. Mussolinis founding ideal was that of struggle. He believed war to be the climax of human emotion, believing that peace was not, an... ...bspIn France, the primarily Fascist party led by Jean-Marie Le publish gained 29% of the vote. This excerpt not scarce applies to France, but to conditions that will continue to rise throughout the world. Whenever a group of people go unheard, unrest immediately occurs. What follows unrest is the willingness to be apart of something that will lead you somewhere great. The rising popularity of Fascism is not due to a change in mans thinking, but due to nations not listening to their people. Thousands of "skinheads" march through the streets of Germany waiting for a time when they will once again stake their claim for the world. It is only a matter of time before the comfort and discipline Fascism offers becomes a reality in the world. Benito Mussolini believed in the power of state and corporate becoming one to best represent the needs of the people. The time has come for the ordinary people of the world to declare what they desire to be known as next, before the excerpt is made for them.Whoever fights monsters should see to it that in the process he does not become a monster. And when you look long into an abyss, the abyss also looks into you." Friedrich Nietzsche

Michael Kordas defining Success :: essays research papers

Michael Kordas "Defining Success"From reading " Defining Success " by Michael Korda, I agree and similarlydisagree with Michael on his way of defining success. The first indicator ofsuccess comes when one is making more than one is spending. There are few thingsthat he has left come on on how to becoming a success. The things are if you arefrom a rich family, how well you are educated and who you know.Of course, if you aim at a dream that is so far beyond your reach thus youwould bound to fail. I agree with this but it alike depends on a somebody. If that individual has a low income indeed their dreams should not be so far of their reach.But, if that persons dream is so far and wherefore sometimes it could inspire them to gofor it. If they only amaze a subaltern dream then it could lead to laziness and theywouldnt want to stress issue because of a exquisite outcome on success. Another thingis that if that person is from a rich family then their dreams is m ost likelybeyond their reach. This is because they allow capitol and capitol can almost buydreams. Why have a small dream.Education also plays an important role in success. Not unless they gotlucky on becoming a movie star or on a cover of a magazine because they werenoticed or spotted by some important person. Without education then you wouldnthave any ideas where to start on how to become successful. Also, you wouldnthave any confidence because you would be afraid and wouldnt know how to faceobstacles that might be in the way of your dream. Education would at least giveyou ideas on where to start and how to prosper. Education makes you a moreexcellent person. It sustains you to socialize better with other people. It takesmore than just a common sense.Last thing is that the person you know could make you become successful.Its like connection. If you know an important person such as a movie director,actor, actress or even managers, this person could help in a big way. Animportant person will know another important person if they cant help. If youbecome successful by these people then you got the easy way out. It is actuallythe best way because you got the most support.No matter how big your dream is you can still reach it even though it isMichael Kordas defining Success essays research papers Michael Kordas "Defining Success"From reading " Defining Success " by Michael Korda, I agree and alsodisagree with Michael on his way of defining success. The first indicator ofsuccess comes when one is making more than one is spending. There are few thingsthat he has left out on how to becoming a success. The things are if you arefrom a rich family, how well you are educated and who you know.Of course, if you aim at a dream that is so far beyond your reach then youwould bound to fail. I agree with this but it also depends on a person. If thatperson has a low income then their dreams should not be so far of their reach.But, if that persons dream is so far then sometimes it could inspire them to gofor it. If they only have a small dream then it could lead to laziness and theywouldnt want to stress out because of a small outcome on success. Another thingis that if that person is from a rich family then their dreams is most likelybeyond their reach. This is because they have capitol and capitol can almost buydreams. Why have a small dream.Education also plays an important role in success. Not unless they gotlucky on becoming a movie star or on a cover of a magazine because they werenoticed or spotted by some important person. Without education then you wouldnthave any ideas where to start on how to become successful. Also, you wouldnthave any confidence because you would be afraid and wouldnt know how to faceobstacles that might be in the way of your dream. Education would at least giveyou ideas on where to start and how to prosper. Education makes you a moreexcellent person. It helps you to socialize better with other people. It t akesmore than just a common sense.Last thing is that the person you know could make you become successful.Its like connection. If you know an important person such as a movie director,actor, actress or even managers, this person could help in a big way. Animportant person will know another important person if they cant help. If youbecome successful by these people then you got the easy way out. It is actuallythe best way because you got the most support.No matter how big your dream is you can still reach it even though it is

Behavior Changes of MDMA :: Illegal Drugs Medical Psychology Ecstasy Essays

Behavior Changes of MDMAThe secondary set up on behavior ar expressed in several ways that differ from one person to the next. These effects can range from repositing impairment and anxiety, to depression and mood swings. They are a direct result of the chemical changes within the body that occur when someone uses ecstasy. I will discuss the range of effects in to a greater extent detail, with explanations that get to the root causes for each.One of the major behavior changes, after the effects of the drug discombobulate worn off, is a symptom of the reduced levels of serotonin in the brain. As ecstasy infiltrates the brain tissues, its effects cause the brain to produce copious amounts of serotonin. Following such an extreme release of this neurotransmitter, the brain goes through of stay of time in which it has a below normal level of serotonin. This reduced level creates elevated levels of anxiety in users, and can often result in panic attacks that persist for several months following the use of the drug. However, it is important to note that, according to a study from the European Journal of Pharmacology (Gurtman, et al, 2002) whether such effects are a direct result of MDMA use is, at present, uncertain. This admission goes to show that correlation doesnt mean causation, and that until further research can be done we can only speculate about the relationship between the two.Another side effect, that is reported to be affected by the levels of serotonin in the brain, is that of memory functioning. Several different areas of memory are included in this assertion, including cognitive capacity, recall over time, and planning ability. It is redeed that heavy users, when compared to a control group, have a harder time with primary areas of brain functioning that relate to memory. In a study conducted at the University of Cologne, in Germany (Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, et. al, 2004), research indicates that, findings of relatively low memory performan ce associated with heavy ecstasy use have been relatively consistent across different studies and user populations. This assertion is fairly recent in the literature, which would suggest that the findings have taken note of the broad range of studies that came before it. With that said, its hard to ignore the idea that a drug that induces such euphoric effects on the mindset of an

Globalization and Anthropology :: Outsourcing, Offshoring, Free Trade

1. We live in a world where nothing is sacred if selling it can make a buck. Be it tourist autochthonic memorabilia or your own extra kidney, you can bet theres a viable market, and someones willing to buy. given(p) the fantastic stealth of international transactions, globalized markets evoke particularly ominous possibilities for the marginalized in our capitalistic economy. Exposing obscure global issues from tourist art to bio-piracy, Schneider and Scheper-Hughes complicate our understanding of globalisation by questioning ones responsibility to the agency of others in an increasingly interrelated world. According to Schneider, defining authenticity is a battle amid indigenous peoples and the tourists who purchase their arts and crafts. As tourist art grows with the realization of international tourism as means of development and economic growth in marginalized communities, foreign assumptions affect the perception of indigenous arts and crafts as legitimately indigenous. Indi genous peoples readily transform functional items into feasible commodities goods such as indigenous blouses and shawls easily become alien place mates and pillow cases, enabling indigenous peoples to survive (Schneider 80). Schneider asks, does this practice rob peoples of their culture, or simply generate a new kind of survival market culture? In seeking to recognize and question Eurocentric imaginings of the world, the discipline of anthropology complicates the right of tourists to judge the commodities of indigenous communities, as it questions the right of a global economy that forces peoples to produce such commodities to survive (Schneider 83).In her more gruesome study of organ theft in deprive communities, Scheper-Hughes similarly demands that consumers understand the implications of neo-cannibalism on an international scale. Rejecting the idea of impoverished peoples as uneducated and gullible informants, Scheper-Hughes questions the meaning of doctors, organ brokers and prestigious anthropologists denying people voice about body-snatching (35, 39). Her research proves that eviscerated bodies do appear in allies and morgues, and verifies the accounts of poor peoples denied as mere inventions by authorities (36, 38).

Fashion Trends in the Fifties Essay -- Fashion Retail Merchandising Es

Fashion Trends in the Fifties It was different in the USA, where contendtime restrictions had been quickly removed, and where the rising consumer society was forging ahead helped by new developments such as the start of the credit card system in 1950. But these differing conditions produced a similar effect on way of life both in Europe and America a tendency to prefer the safe and normal, a veering away from the radical and extreme. Normal felt good, especially with the memory of the war still so fresh in many stacks minds (Baker 6). Fashion is an important aspect to peoples lives, and is influenced by various move of society. Sometimes there are practical reasons behind certain fashion trends, nevertheless there are some trends that have no apparent business line or purpose. Fashion can also influence other parts of popular or high culture, including music. Rock n roll, the music of the 1950s, displayed young peoples (17-25 year-olds) interest in clothes, as heard in such pop tracks as White Sports Coat and Blue Suede Shoes (Baker 12). no matter of purpose or origin, style in the 1950s often meant super luxury, whether it was the use of lots of shiny chrome or lace, shimmering with sequins (Baker 11). During the 1950s, style was not only a characterization of ones sense of fashion it was a portrayal of who you were. In the 1950s, the role of a woman was to be in the home, and particularly in the kitchen. but the usual media image of a housewife showed her not as a mother in comfortable trousers and sweater, or loose dress, suitable for such work, but as a doll-like figure dressed in rustling, full skirts, nipped waist and narrow-fitting bodice. Even her apron had deep frills and a heart-shaped top and pocke... ...er vests and chinos as leisurewear, past people were that much closer to being normal.Works Cited - Baker, Patricia. Fashions of a Decade the 1950s. New York Facts on File, Inc., 1991. An edition of a series that ill ustrates the most influential trends in twentieth- century fashion. Focuses on fashion as an integral part in the arts, technology, politics, and society.- Stott, Jon C., Raymond E. Jones, and Rick Bowers, eds. The Harbrace Anthology of Literature 2nd ed. Toronto Harcourt Canada Ltd., 1998. An anthology of various literature, ranging from poetry, to prose, to plays.- Unknown Author. Fashion 50s. Yesterdayland Web Site. 2000. http//www.yeaterdayland.com/popopedia/shows/fashion/ (17 Mar. 2002). A web-site showcasing fashion trends throughout the decades of the twentieth-century.

Fashion Trends in the Fifties Essay -- Fashion Retail Merchandising Es

modality Trends in the Fifties It was different in the USA, where wartime restrictions had been quickly removed, and where the new consumer society was forging in front helped by new developments such as the start of the credit card system in 1950. But these differing conditions produced a similar effect on bearing both in Europe and America a tendency to prefer the safe and normal, a veering away from the radical and extreme. Normal felt good, curiously with the memory of the war still so fresh in many peoples minds (Baker 6). Fashion is an important aspect to peoples lives, and is influenced by various parts of society. Sometimes there are practical reasons behind certain fashion trends, but there are some trends that have no apparent origin or purpose. Fashion can also influence other parts of popular or high culture, including medicine. Rock n roll, the music of the 1950s, displayed young peoples (17-25 year-olds) interest in clothes, as heard in such pop tracks as Wh ite Sports Coat and Blue suede leather Shoes (Baker 12). Regardless of purpose or origin, style in the 1950s often meant super luxury, whether it was the use of lots of shiny chrome or lace, shimmering with sequins (Baker 11). During the 1950s, style was not lonesome(prenominal) a portrayal of ones sense of fashion it was a portrayal of who you were. In the 1950s, the role of a woman was to be in the home, and in particular in the kitchen. Yet the usual media image of a housewife showed her not as a mother in comfortable trousers and sweater, or loose dress, worthy for such work, but as a doll-like figure dressed in rustling, full skirts, nipped waist and narrow-fitting bodice. Even her apron had deep frills and a heart-shaped superlative and pocke... ...er vests and chinos as leisurewear, then people were that much closer to being normal.Works Cited - Baker, Patricia. Fashions of a Decade the 1950s. New York Facts on File, Inc., 1991. An edition of a series that illustrates the nigh influential trends in twentieth- century fashion. Focuses on fashion as an integral part in the arts, technology, politics, and society.- Stott, Jon C., Raymond E. Jones, and Rick Bowers, eds. The Harbrace Anthology of Literature 2nd ed. Toronto Harcourt Canada Ltd., 1998. An anthology of various literature, ranging from poetry, to prose, to plays.- Unknown Author. Fashion 50s. Yesterdayland Web Site. 2000. http//www.yeaterdayland.com/popopedia/shows/fashion/ (17 Mar. 2002). A web-site showcasing fashion trends throughout the decades of the twentieth-century.

P1 Unit 4 Health and Social Level 3

Childhood The childhood tuition of the individual followed the normal development patterns that ar expected. In the childhood stage the individual development changed rapidly and their ability to be active and learn new skills improves on a perfunctory basis. During childhood a child depart grow steadier compargond to an infant. A childs body and organs size grows at a steady pace. By the age of 6 a childs head will be 90% of a full magnanimous size even though the rest of a childs body has a lot more to grow and to develop.Related essay Unit 4 M1 Health and affectionate Care, Level 3 Child Care Level 2 AssignmentsUntil a child reaches late childhood, and entering adolescence, an individuals reproductive organs are still not fully developed. Infants and children can suffer from slow down development. This could cause potential effects and risks on a persons development. This can meet in the first 5 days of a childs manner and this can be cause by brain damage, poor or no in teraction with care givers, diseases, breeding or behavioural disabilities, visual or hearing disabilities. The factors mentioned can cause a child to suffer from delayed development.Emotional and societal development in a child will change a huge amount due to their change in their daily bout when they sacking into education and they arent around their family as they are used to inside infancy. From age 4-9 years old is the first social learning of social development in a child. From a young age, young children are emotionally attached and dependent on their care givers. The change at heart the asylum of instill and social environments can be a struggle for some children to translate.For emotional development the gravestone skills within childhood are understanding self and other, and is a focus within development in develops to ensure that children are aware of who they are the differences within society and other people. Imagination is used a lot in children they use i t to begin to understand social situations and roles within life. Relationships within the family become more important and the child begin to subscribe to a greater understanding of feelings and emotions and are like a shot able to talk slightly these feelings and have an understanding of what they mean.My client Dylan followed the normal development patterns that are expected in the childhood stage. He continued to grow and he became the tallest in his class at schooltime. His motor skills come a lot more complex, he was learning to ride a without stabilizers and by the age of four was able to ride his bike without stabilizers without falling off. He enjoyed playing football with friends and also really enjoyed going swimming. Dylan didnt suffer from any delayed development and continued to grow at a normal rate through to adolescence.Dylan really enjoys going to school and his favourite subjects are scientific discipline and music. He doesnt have problems at school with lear ning new thing. He is really good at science and when at home Dylan also has an app that he is able to use to help with his science a little topographic point more. Dylan has 6 friends at school and 2 of them are his best friends. He is also really c abide to his soda. At school Dylan never falls out with his friends. He loves spending time with his dad and also is quite close with his sister in that respect all enjoy going out for bike rides. Dylan doesnt attend any after school clubs or any clubs in school time.Dylan shows his emotions so that his parents can tell what is wrong with him. He is now also beginning to learn to cope with their emotions so he can tell people how he is really feeling. Adolescence In the adolescence stage, individuals begin to start puberty, for an average girl this is ages 11 to 13 years old, scarcely it varies and some may begin earlier and some may be developing late. Generally girls start puberty before boys who often start betwixt 13 to 15 year olds. Puberty is a developmental stage which prepares the body for versed reproduction.It is triggered by hormones and causes different changes for both girls and boys. Girls sexual development involves the starting of period of times and the increase of emotions occurring. The formal in operation(p) stage of Pia lets theory applies to an adolescences intellectual development which states that The child begins to behave like an self-aggrandising within this stage. They are going through transitions in intellectual development and the process and transition of primary to secondary education. There are various intellectual skills that an callow will learn within this life stage.When in the adolescent life stage, the emotional development norms for an individual is to learn their personal identity and they must leant about who they are about how to control their emotions within the change of puberty. Low self-esteem and confidence issue is often something most teenagers struggle with. With adolescence secondary learning occurs, a persons self-worth can change within this life-stage due to the social situations that an individual had to be within, also their use of clothing, language and religion etc. The foundation of hormones can often change how teenagers see themselves.Adolescents independence that they go through can affect their social and emotional development. My client Stacey had her first period when she was 13. She didnt suffer any physical or mental problems when she first started her periods. Stacey had to move to a new secondary school because of her old school close down. She enjoyed doing maths and health and social care she was also really good at health and social care. Stacey gained lots of good qualifications to leave school with. She didnt have any problems with the teachers or pupils but she had a problem doing science because she couldnt get the hang off it.She planned her future while she was at school so she could get an idea of t he qualification that she would require. Stacey also knew what she wanted to be when she left school, she said that she would like to become a midwife. She left school 2 years ago and went back to do another 2 years of sixth form to do health and social care and English to try and get some more qualifications. Stacey didnt have any conflict at home with her parents. All of her family relationships are good but they have had their ups and downs. Stacey is very popular at sixth form and she had got some best friends which she can trust with all of her problems.She had a few groups of different friends which she can be herself around. She doesnt have any peer influences. Adults You adults are often at peak of physical performance between the ages f 18-30. Older adults tend to lose stamina and strength as they get older, but these changes are not normally noticeable. There are a huge number of changes that are associate to age and they slowly become clearer as and adult gets older. So me people cannot hear a high pitched sound as they reach there later adulthood, along with changes in mobility and tomentum cerebri loss.With older adults, women go through menopause and a change that occurs around the ages of 45-55 year olds is a stop in the menstrual cycle, and a large reduction of eggs within the ovaries. A decrease in progesterone and oestrogen that is produced by the ovaries, which can cause a lack of sexual interest compared to early adulthood. Older adults often gain weight due to many adults still eating the same size portions as what they did within early adulthood but due to less physical activity taking place there is less need to take in as many calories this can cause a risk such as diabetes and heart disease.By adulthood an individual has reached their higher training and education and will understand many life skills which will be important to their development within social situations. There are different changes for adults with their emotional deve lopment. It is a key task of early adulthood that learning to cope with emotional attachments such as a partner. The social development of an adult remains to keep a strong friendship network, for most people changed in job roles and other critical development issues, adults friendship groups can change however there are strong relationships with family members in many cases.Adults have to adapt their behaviour to arrange their time and commitments between work roles and social groups. My client Sarah told me that she was healthy and fit as a young adult and that she didnt have any physical problems while in the young stage of her adulthood life. Sarah needs glasses and her hair is now starting to go grey. She didnt have any physical problems whilst she as in the middle aged stage of her adulthood. When Sarah left school she went to get a job in caring for the elderly. When she got in a job the company sent her for NVQ2 training.She didnt have any problems with learning new skills f or her job. eyepatch she was working within the company she was made a senior in the years that she was working for them. Sarah has family and friends relationships. She also went to work parties with her work friends. Her hobbies are reading and swimming. She colonized down when she was 17 years of age and also had her first child at 17. Sarah thought that having a child at 17 was a bit difficult but she had family who was supporting her throughout her pregnant and labour and so she coped with it.Sarah doesnt have much of a social life due to a child who is 1 year old. She said that some emotional effects are things such as getting old and that 2 of her children have now left home. She also has great relationships with her grandchildren and she also gets along with on her of her eldest children who have left home. Sarah doesnt have much of a social life now but when it is possible and she has someone to look after her younger children, she goes out and visits older family member, family friends and also old work friends. Piaget Sensorimotor stage extradite to 1 and half / 2 years old.A child will learn to use senses and muscles without learning language. * Babies are natural without the ability to sense objects. * Babies are born with a range of primitive reflexes such as the sucking reflex allowing a baby to feed. * These reflexes lead to motor actions. * The sensorimotor stage is when thinking is hold in to sensing objects and performing motor actions. * Piaget believed that a baby would not have a working system for remembering words and phrases until they were about 18 months old. The pre-operational stage- 2-7 years old.A child will thinking in language without understanding meaning of lexis. * Pre-operational means pre-logical, during this stage Piaget believed children do not understand the lexis that they use. There is no evidence to speak words as there is no understanding. * Children can communicate but not with a wide understanding of words and meanings. The concrete operational stage- 7-11 years old. The child is within school age now and logical thinking is starting to be used within practical situations. * Children can understand logical terms and phrases to gain understanding of social situations. Use of language and social behaviour skills is varied due to the range of social situations the child is within on a daily basis. The formal operational stage- 11+ years- thinking and using logic and abstract thought processes. * The child begins to behave like an adult within this stage. They are going through transitions in intellectual development and the process and transition of primary to secondary education. * With formal logical reasoning an adult can solve complex situations within their mind. Abstract thinking allows us to think within a sufficient manner to overcome barriers.

Report on Consumer Behavior of Soft Drinks Essay

Need for the study With the economic liberalization in India a derive of global companies go through been coming forward to invest in India and tapping perhaps and worlds biggest growing market. As the floodgates have been opened up for transnational Companies, the global giant Coca-cola also decided to make an entry into the Indian market. In India, the per capita consumption of soft drinks is at rock bottom level until now less than our neighboring countries Pakistan and Bangladesh, where it is four times as much.The last summer was particularly sweltering one, with temperatures hitting the high 40s in whatsoever places yet bottles were disappearing from shelves faster than they could be replaced. In the peak season, they found themselves short of capacity and having to turn around their trucks faster and faster to slake the greater Indian thirst. With growth rates zooming into the double digits, bottlers have been propelled into expanding capacities. With their big-time plans, the multinationals have changed the face of this business, long dominated by small-time businessmen.If demand continues to increase annually at an average of 20 percent, then volumes could reach one billion cases within ten years. 4 These glint ambitious targets and to reach them the cola makers will have to build capacity, infrastructure, make their bottlers more available and more affordable. There argon 5. 00,000 retailers stocking soft drinks in India. Also, soft drinks which retail at any where between Rs. 9. 00 and Rs. 12. 00 are expensive when measured against purchasing power.As they concoct their strategies, keeping an eye on each other all the time, ultimately theres only one guy they have to watch out for, who will determine their fortunes the consumer. The real race to quench his thirst has just begun 5 Objectives of the studyTo study active the consumer preference with regard to soft drink To study about the consumer perception with regard Coca Cola To understand t he Promotional Strategies To find out the median(a) which is most effective in reaching the consumers? 6 Research methodologyData will be collected from a sample size gram and distributed over different areas by using simple Random Sampling. Random Sampling consists of 1. Demographic Segmentation 2. Sociocultural Segmentation 3. Use-Related Segmentation 4. Use-Situation Segmentation abbreviation 1. Data Analysis is done both qualitatively and quantitatively. 2. The analysis is presented pictographically using bar graphs The period of the study is past one year 7 telescope of the study The new economic policies of the Govt. of India adopted in the mid eighties were given further impetus by the early nineties.The Indian market has undergone goodish changed as a direct consequence of many of these policies and soft drink industry is no exception to this. Keeping the above mentioned perspective in the background, the researcher has selected soft drink market, since the marketing task his became more challenging and intensive competition has opened up new vistas. Companies are evolving marketing strategies by canvas the demands of the market place increasingly penetrating into appropriate market segments introducing differentiated products to improve their market share.The soft drink market has achieved an accelerated growth in the past decade. Soft drinks include ail types of non alcohol carbonated flavored or otherwise sweetened beverages. The entry of Pepsi and the reentry of Coca Cola in the India market arc inevitably facing stiff competition but the ultimate winner is customer/consumer. This has led the researcher to study me perception of consumers towards different brands of soft drinks and to skunk out the 8 promotional strategic being adopted by the marketers to lure promiscuous buyers and win a larger share in the markets.

Physical Education Essay

1. History and meaning of Physical Education.History of Physical EducationThe Spartans and Athenians were the first to have a type of animal(prenominal) gentility. Though rattling different, two systems served the heap and supplied their needs. The Spartan system was akin(predicate) to dictatorship, a form of government. At the age of seven, boys were taken to learn basic military skills while living in barracks. When they reached the age of fourteen, they began learning group fighting tactics which would allow them to succeed while in the military from the ages of twenty to thirty. Once thirty, the men could then adopt a women who had been doing some teaching of her own in collection to make strong babies. The philosophy of the Spartans was basically to allow them to invade some other countries if desired, and to prevent other countries from invading them.see morelegal basis of informationThe philosophy of the Athenians was quite different compared to the Spartans. The A thenian culture was very democratic, and focused on training of the sound judgement and consistency. Reading and writing was a large part of society as well as physical activity which took place in the nub of the city where the gymnasium was located. The physical breeding philosophy of the Athenians was the high point of physical education for legion(predicate) years.Some other cycles in physical education that we have evolved from are that of the Romans, the dark ages, and the crusades. The Roman era is a bit disturbing, but is nonetheless a cycle of physical education. Physical education for the Romans was intimately athletics, which was primarily about entertainment. People were forced to fight to the death, and often snips fed to lions. During the dark ages, religion viewed physical education as a waste of time and a work of the devil. The dark ages were a very sedentary time for human civilization. Following the dark ages in approximately 1096, were the crusades.The crusa des were a time of herculean Christianity, because of the Muslims conquering Jerusalem. Muscular Christianity is basically Christians believing that the more one trained to become good soldiers, the more Christian a person was. In 1270, the crusades cease and so did the thought of physical education macrocosm worthwhile until approximately 1400 when the renaissance period began. Physical education during the renaissance period is quite similar to physical education today. It is done to better oneself, not to be doing something for someone else. The development of physical education had another setback in the 1600s when it was very functional and not a priority. People believed that if it did not have a specific purpose, than it was a waste of time.During the 1700s, there was a big change in physical education that can be largely attributed to three people Rousseau, Johan Simon, and Guts Muths. Rousseau was the first person to get along education for the masses and he as well as thought of play as being educational. In 1712, Rousseau invented an activity that is still used by millions of children everyday, recess.Johan Simon was the first physical education teacher and believed physical education should be taught along with reading and writing. Simon believed physical education should include a lot of physical labor. Guts Muths developed a series of gymnastic apparatuses and believed physical education developed very important social skills. These people of the 1700s and the things they did began paving the road to where we are today. During the 1800s, physical education programs were finding their vogue into universities which contributed to many things we have today. New sports were being invented, intramurals were being brought into schools, women began exercising, gymnasiums could be found in most colleges, and many recreational areas and parks were being built in order to decrease the crime rate.This continued on into the 1900s which brought on the c reation of the National Collegiate Athletic Association to regulate college athletics, and the golden age of sports during the 20 and 30s. During this golden age of sport, the number of people in sport increased dramatically, the number of teachers increased, and physical education began moving toward the involvement of sport. In 1941, ball War II began which brought a big shock along with it. Of the first 2 million males drafted, 45% failed their physical. With this, physical education began to be very strongly pushed in schools in order to improve the health of the American people.Since W.W. II, the United States has continued to press the importance of physical education, which brings it to where it is today, a highly complex expanse with many different sub-disciplines. The sub-disciplines are Exercise physiology, which is the study of bodily systems and their reactions to the stress of exercise. Kinesiology, which is the study of how the muscular system moves the bony structu re of the body. Biomechanics, which is the study of the human body as a mechanical system, utilizing principles and applications from physics.Motor learning, which is the changes in motor performance related to experience and practice. Sport sociology, which is the social structure, social patterns, and social organization of groups set-aside(p) in sport. Sport Psychology, which is the stud of deportmental and psychological issues and problems in sport. Sport pedagogy, which is the study of the processes of teaching and coaching, the outcomes of such endeavors, and the content of fitness, physical-education, and sport-education programs. (Siedentop)These sub-disciplines have created many new jobs for people in the field of education, and will surely branch off to form others in the future.Physical education has definitely come a long way since the Spartans and Athenians. From an authoritarian type system to promoting lifespan physical education with many sciences studying the diff erent intangibles of physical education in order to better the mind and body. These new sciences have obviously broadened the comprehensive of physical education, but when looking to the future, there really is no end in sight. The growing umbrella will continue getting larger as new thoughts and ideas come, and with them, new sciences also.Definition of Physical EducationPhysical Education is an educational course taken during primary and secondary level, and even tertiary level that encourages psychomotor learning in a play or movement exploration setting to promote health. It is also defined as a process of learning through physical activities designed to improve physical fitness, develop motor skills, knowledge and behavior of healthy and active living, sportsmanship, and emotional intelligence. Thus, Physical Education is not only aimed at physical development but also includes the development of the individual as a whole.2. Concepts of physical educationPhysical Development accusing deals with the program of activities that builds physical power in an individual through the development of the various ingrained systems of the body. Motor Development Objective concerned with making physical movement useful and with as little expenditure of energy as possible and being proficient, graceful, and aesthetic in this movement. Mental Development Objective deals with the accumulation a body knowledge and the ability to think and to interpret this knowledge. Social Development Objective concerned with helping an individual in making personal adjustments, group adjustment, and adjustments as a member of society.3. What are the legal basis and related activities in physical education?The legal basis of physical education is stated in the 1987 Constitution, Article XIV Section 19. (1) The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to foster se lf-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert citizenry. (2) All educational institution shall abbreviate regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.

Reassuring aspects in the three stories Essay

The aim of this essay is to explore the three texts (The Stolen Bacillus, Hop Frog, and The Adventure of the Speckled Band) and to consider which aspects of the three stories affect us, how they make us, and why they cause concern or console, either strike or reassuring us. It is concluded that there are m either disturbing and reassuring aspects in the stories dependant on the perspective one may adopt. The word disturbing pith to agitate the mind, causing distress, worry, or anxiety. The word reassuring means to restore confidence and relieve anxiety.These two definitions will help me with my investigation by giving me a guideline to work with. To get an instinct as to why different writers may have written the way that they did, I will consider the background information of the period the author was compose in and any aspects which would affect his subject material and style of writing. H. G. Wells was writing at the end of the nineteenth century at a duration where there wa s a rapid social and industrial change, and he had a personal interest in social justice, science and politics.This is reflected in his writing as there is the bacteriologist (relating to science) and the anarchist (pertaining to social justice and politics). These issues in his work would disturb a reader of Wells time because subjects such as the social and industrial changes would be on the readers minds, and therefore cause anxiety if he were to write ab out them in a negative way. Edgar Allan Poe was expelled from university for drunkenness and debt, and later court martialled from the regular army for drunkenness again.Poes association with alcohol in real life is reflected in his story which has many references to alcohol within it. These references would disturb readers because Poe would be fit to write a distressing truth about the affects of alcohol, because he himself had experienced it, and he wrote at a time when the truth was censored from the public. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote at a time when the British had an empire in India, this is referred to in his story as Dr. Roylott went out to do a medical degree in Calcutta, and also served a prison sentence there.This would provide a factor in the story with which readers may be able to associate with, and would either disturb or check them depending on the way theyd previously felt about the empire in India, and how it is depicted in Doyles writing. The settings and surroundings of a story lav be used to great consequence when enhancing the effect of a disturbing or reassuring aspect of a tale. Arthur Conan Doyle uses his description of Stoke Moran intelligently in order to increase the disturbing nature of the whole plot of the story.The author uses very gothic features in the Speckled Band. For example, there is reference to the middle ages as Dr. Roylott comes from one of the oldest Saxon families in England which is an illustration of one gothic feature. Another gothic trait is Stoke Morans gloomy setting, the writer depicts from amid the branches there jutted out the gray gables and high roof tree of a very old mansion. A further gothic characteristic expressed in Doyles writing is the ventilator in Helens room.Secret passages and hidden doors are other common attribute of a gothic story, and the additional detail that the ventilator is mysteriously placed in an impractical position (what a fool a builder must be to open a ventilator into another room, when, for the same trouble, he might have communicated with the outside air ) gives it another gothic edge as mysteries were a very frequent mark of a gothic tale. In addition to Stoke Morans gothic nature, the fact that the whole place is isolated and has a gloomy history further emphasizes any disturbing aspects introduced by the author.Arthur Conan Doyles descriptions of Stoke Moran are a great example of a dramatic structure used to augment the effectiveness of the disturbing aspects of the storyline when they eme rge. This is because Doyle firstly communicates with us subliminally about the disturbing aspects of his tale via his setting descriptions, therefore giving himself some foundations on which to build up a more(prenominal) effective impact on his reader when he wants to disturb them.

Fashion and Zara Store

Colour case This case contains colorize exhibits which will be alter by the users screen and printer resolution. Therefore, to ensure optimum colour quality multiple copies must be enjoined directly from ecch. This colour case cannot be supplied as a permission master in either paper format or as a sealed pdf file. However, cheer contact ecch to check availability of a black and white version which can be supplied for reproduction. ecch the case for learning ecch UK Registered Office Cranfield University, Wharley End Beds MK43 0JR, UK t+44 (0)1234 750903 f+44 (0)1234 751125 e emailprotected om w www. ecch. com ecch USA Registered Office Babson College, Babson Park Wellesley MA 02457, USA t+1 781 239 5884 f+1 781 239 5885 e emailprotected com w www. ecch. com Responsive, High Speed, Afford adapted sort This case was prepared by Sophie Linguri under the supervision of Professor Nirmalya Kumar as a basis for classroom discussion kind of than to illustrate either effective or ineff ective handling of a management situation. Copyright 2005 London Business School. All rights tightly fitting.No part of this case take apart may be reproduced, shop classd in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without written permission of London Business School. London Business School reference CS-05-037 ecch the case for learning Distri anded by ecch, UK and USA www. ecch. com All rights reserved Printed in UK and USA North America t +1 781 239 5884 f +1 781 239 5885 e emailprotected com 305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 Rest of the world t +44 (0)1234 750903 f +44 (0)1234 751125 e emailprotected om 2 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 Zara Responsive, High-Speed, Affordable Fashion In 1975, the first Zara store was opened in La Coruna, in Northwest Spain. By 2005, Zara? s 723 stores had a selling area of 811,100 m2 and occupied ? privileged locations of major cities? in 56 countries. With sales of ?3. 8 billion in financial year 2004, Zara had become Spain? s best-known elan brand and the flagship brand of ? 5. 7 billion holding group Inditex. Inditex? s stock market listing in 2001 had turned Amancio Ortega, its break off and a self-made man, into the world? s 23 richest man, with a personal fortune that Forbes magazine estimated at $12. 6 billion. Zara strived to deliver fashion apparel, often knock-offs of noteworthy designers, at reasonable courts to untested, fashion-conscious city-d surfaceers. Zara utilise in- house designers to present sassy items of habit to customers double a week, in response to sales and fashion tr endings. thereof the merchandise of any particular store was fresh and limited. To produce at much(prenominal) short notice required that Zara maintain a vertic in ally structured supply arrange that distributed the clothes through a single state-of-the-art distribution focus.Unlike its competitors, 70- 80% of Zara garments were fabricate in Eur ope. In 2005, Pablo Isla was appointed the new Inditex principal executive. With plans to double the deem of its stores by 2009, the rapid pace of growth was necessitating changes. First, Zara had opened a second distribution centre to increase capacity. Second, expanding into more distant markets meant that the number of items carried had increased to 12,000. Would Zara? s business model be able to scale up? Or would the momenting complexity compromise its speed advantage?Would Pablo Isla be able to maintain the focus that Zara had established? 3 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 THE RETAIL APPAREL INDUSTRY AND COMPETITORS The apparel industry was one of the most globalised industries, with 23. 6 million workers in everyplace 20 countries. As labour costs in Western European countries had risen, labour-intensive manufacturing operations had become increasingly outsourced to less developed countries. Hourly reinforcement in the textile industry could be as low as 60 cents in India and China, compared with $2 in North Africa, $3 in eastern Europe, $8. 50 in Spain, and most $15. 0 in Italy. The 1974 Multi-Fibre Arrangement, which placed import quotas on garments and textiles from developing countries to the industrialised world, had expired on 1 January 2005 for all members of the earthly concern Trade Organization. This was amplifying the relocation of textile and garment manufacture to countries with lower labour costs, especially China. For example, in 2004, 400 Spanish textile groups went out of business, due to rivalry from Asia, resulting in the loss of 15,000 jobs. The Spanish textile guild predicted a loss of another 72,000 jobs by 2009. The apparel retail channels had consoli projectd during the 1990s, with a fewer large players dominating most major markets. Competitors include department stores, mass merchandisers (e. g. discounters and supermarkets) and specialty stores. Department stores were usually national players, like Marks & Spencer in the unify Kingdom or Federated in the USA. Typically, they had lost market share in recent years. Mass merchandisers such as Target, Tesco and Wal-Mart had increasingly added hole-and-corner(a) estimate clothes to their mix over the years to become major players.There were many successful specialty chains like Benetton, C&A, Hennes & Mauritz (referred to as H&M), The Limited, mango tree and Next. The traditional apparel industry model worked on long lead times (see divulge 1). The industry average was around nine months, around sixsome months for design and three months for manufacturing. As a result, 45-60% of production was committed in the six-month pre-season period, with 80-100% committed by the start of the season. Only the remaining 0-20% was generally manufactured in-season in response to sales patterns.Excess inventory was marked down at the end of the season, and usually accounted for 30-40% of sales. Despite their best efforts, Zara? s closest competitors, H&M and Gap, shut away took around five months to produce new clothing lines. H&M Swedish clothing chain H&M was founded in 1947. By 2005, it had close to 32,000 employees, just under 1,100 stores in 20 countries. In 2005, it planned to open 155 new stores in Europe and the US. Its 2004 sales were ? 6 billion, which yielded a simoleons of 1. 24 billion. With close to 30% of its sales, Germany was H&M? s largest market, while the US generated only Iman for H&M Germany 4 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 6. 4% of its 2004 sales. It manufactured 60% of its clothes in Asia. H&M? s business concept was to beseech fashion and quality at the best cost. In order to offer the latest fashion, H&M had its own buying and design department. It claimed to achieve the best price by Few middlemen Buying in large volumes Having a broad, in-depth knowledge of design, fashion, and textiles Buying the right products from the right market Being cost conscious at every stage Having efficient distribution H&M? s clot hing lines in men? s wear, women? s wear and children? s wear, as well as its cosmetics range, targeted cost-conscious shoppers. Within H&M women? s wear were different sub-brands Hennes (women aged 25-35), L. O. G. G. (casual sportswear), Impuls (young women? s trends), BiB (plus-size line), Woman (classic), Clothes (current trends), MAMA (maternity) and Rocky (youth fashion). There were also different sub-brands within the men? s and children? s lines.H&M stores generally had a reasonably chaotic, marketplace feel, with clothes packed tightly onto racks, frequent markdowns, and queues at the cash register. H&M commit 5% of its revenues to advertising. Its high-profile ad campaigns featured celebrities, such as Claudia Schiffer, Johnny Depp, Naomi Campbell and Jerry Hall, wearing its low-cost clothes. Dedicated collections by star designers Karl Lagerfeld and Stella McCartney in 2004-5 continued to create go among its customers. The Gap Gap opened its first store in San Francisc o in 1969, where it sold mainly Levis jeans.In 1991, Gap announced its decision to sell only private label brands. With around 3,000 stores and 152,000 employees worldwide, Gap positioned itself as a provider of high quality, basic items, such as jeans, khakis and t-shirts. In addition to Old Navy and banana Republic, Gap? s chains included GapBody, GapKids, and babyGap. Its 2004 sales were around ? 12. 5 billion, with a profit of $1. 4 billion. Nearly all of Gap? s products were manufactured outside the US, with 18% of its collection made in China. Gap? s stores were spacious, with stock well spaced Madonna for Gap and neatly presented.There was an emphasis on service, with a call button in fitting rooms for customers requiring assistance with clothing sizes. Television advertisements featured hip music and dance sequences, with appearances by celebrities such as Madonna, Lenny Kravitz, Sarah Jessica Parker and Joss Stone. 5 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 INDITEX HISTORY Spanish entrep reneur Amancio Ortega Gaona started a firm manufacturing lingerie and nightwear in 1963, subsequently quitting his job as a start for a shirtmaker in La Coruna. He founded Confecciones GOA in 1972, and opened the first Zara store in 1975, to sell stock after a customer cancel a large order.Ortega founded the Inditex group in 1985. After floating 26% of its shares on the Madrid stock exchange in 2001, he remained its majority shareholder, with 61% of the company? s shares. Ortega retained a low profile, rarely making public appearances (apart from during the run-up to the IPO in 2000), and had never given an interview. Jose Maria Castellano Rios conjugated Inditex in 1985 and became its Chief Executive in 1997. Castellano had previously been IT manager of Aegon Espana SA, and had a doctorate in economics and business studies. In 2005, Inditex developed a five-year plan, which included a board fill-inructure.As part of the restructure, Pablo Isla Alvarez de Tejera was appointed a s Chief Executive in May 2005. Isla came from the Franco-Spanish tobacco group Altadis, where he had been co-chairman. Isla was chosen for his experience in international distribution. Ortega stayed on as the group? s electric chair, and Castellano remained the Deputy Chairman. Portfolio of Stores Besides Zara, which was targeted at trendy city youngsters, Inditex grew its portfolio of apparel chains throughout the 1990s. Each chain was targeted at a specific segment (see Exhibit 2) Massimo Dutti ? Young businessmen institutionalise & Bear Elegant male clothing Berksha ? Elegant fashion for young women Brettos ? Trendy young suburban women Oysho ? Lingerie Stradivarius ? Youthful fashion Kiddy? s Class ? Trendy children In 2003, Inditex opened a home furnishings chain called Zara Home. By 2005, Zara made up close to 70% of Inditex sales and led the group? s international expansion (see Exhibit 3). While, as a group, Inditex had about(predicate) twice the number of st ores as H&M, Zara? s 700 stores were fewer in number than H&M? s. Inditex was aggressively expanding, and planned to increase its 2,000 stores to 4,000 by 2009, in Europe, Asia, and the U.S. (see Exhibit 4). In terms of profits, Inditex was performing well compared with its main competitor, H&M (see Exhibit 5 and Exhibit 6). Aamancio Ortega Gaona Inditex Chairman 6 305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 THE ZARA STORE 91% of Zara stores were company-owned the rest were franchises or joint ventures. Customers entering a Zara store on Regent Street in London, Rue Rivoli in genus Paris, Fifth Avenue in in the raw York or Avenidas das Americas in Rio de Janeiro generally found themselves in the same environment a predominantly white, modern and spacious store, well-lit and walled with mirror.The latest fashions hung from the store racks around them. A long line of people typically waited at the cash registers to pay for their purchases a few select items. Shop Window of Zara, New York In comparison with other clothing retailers, who spent 3-4% of sales on advertising, Zara spent just 0. 3%. The little it did spend went to reinforce its identity as a clothing retailer that was low-cost but high fashion (see Exhibit 7). Instead Zara concentrated on creating compelling store windows and to the design of its shops, which had won awards.It relied on its shop windows, which were dramatically lit and used neutral backgrounds, to communicate its brand image. The shop windows of Zara stores were changed regularly, according to display designs sent by headquarters, and were critical for Zara to remain distinct and entice customers. Store locations were carefully researched to determine that there was a sufficiently large customer base for Zara2, and as such were generally busy, prestigious, city centre shopping streets. Zara was a fashion imitator.It focussed its attention on understanding what fashion items its customers wanted and then delivering them, rather than on promoting predi cted season? s trends via fashion shows and similar channels of influence, that the fashion industry traditionally used. Its 200 in-house designers were trend-spotters who unbroken their finger on the fashion pulse, and translated trends into styles that were universally accessible. At Zara headquarters in La Coruna, store specialists (who were responsible for a number of stores in a region) worked closely with designers to develop styles that would work for different arkets. Collections were renewed every year, with an average of 11,000 styles produced annually, compared with the more typical collections of 2,000-4,000 produced annually by rivals H&M and Gap. Production and distribution of new clothing pieces was favoured over replenishing existing items, contributing to the perception of scarcity cultivated in Zara stores. Customers returned frequently to stores, to browse new items. The global average of 17 visits per customer per year for Zara was considerably higher than the t hree visits to its competitors. Visitors were also more likely to purchase, as one senior executive explained Zara? s objective is not that consumers buy a lot but that they buy often and will find something new every time they enter the store. 4 7 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 Comments by Luis Blanc, and Inditex director, illustrated how Zara stores fostered an environment of immediacy We want our customers to understand that if they like something, they must buy it now, because it won? t be in the shops the following week. It is all about creating a climate of scarcity and opportunity. Affordable prices helped to encourage purchases, and Zara? s fling was often referred to as clothing to be worn six to ten times. Zara? s pricing differed across country markets. It set prices according to individual market conditions, rather than using cost plus margin as its basis (which was the formula used by most of its competitors). In Spain, Zara products were low-cost, while in the US, Japan and Mexico, they were priced as a sumptuousness fashion item. Prices in France were somewhat higher than in Spain, since the average French consumer was willing to pay more for fashion than most other European consumers.For example, in 2003, the price of jeans in Zara stores in France was $34. 58 compared with $24. 87 in Spain and $54 in Japan. 6 Until 2002, Zara had used one price tag listing the price in different currencies, to simplify tagging of items. In 2002, however, it implemented a system of local pricing, using a bar code reader that printed the correct local price for items. Compared with its competitors, Zara generally priced its products somewhat higher than C&A and H&M, but below Gap, Next and Kookai. For example, a similar shirt cost $26 at Zara, compared with a price of $29 at Gap and $9 at H&M. Store Management Store managers were encouraged to run their store like a small business. Salespeople were well trained, and Zara promoted its people from within as much as po ssible. Store managers? remuneration was partially dependent on the verity of their sales forecasts and sales growth. 8 Each evening a handheld PDA displayed the newest designs sent by headquarters, which were available for order. Order deadlines were twice weekly, and were issued via the handhelds. Store managers who failed to order by the deadline received replenishment items only.Store managers regularly spoke with store specialists, who also received real time sales data from stores, to discuss which items were selling well or if customers had requested Zara Store, Barcelona specific items. This information was then fed back to the design process. 9 Deliveries arrived at stores twice per week from Zara headquarters, a few years after the order was made, and contained some(prenominal) replenishment items as well as 8 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 new products. Headquarters also sometimes included products that had not been ordered, which stores anticipate to receive.If demand of an item exceeded supply, some stores did not receive the product they had ordered. Zara also tested some of its products in limited numbers in its test stores, to begin with introducing them on a wider scale. Failure rates of Zara? s new products were reported to be just 1%, considerably lower than the industry average of 10%. 10 Technology was a key part of enabling communications and information flow. While information technology was fundamental to its business, its IT infrastructure was relatively undecomposable (even dated by some standards), which meant that Zara? s IT expenditure was significantly lower than its rivals (as much as five to ten times lower). 11 Deputy Chairman Jose Maria Castellano explained the key role played by technology Technology in this company is important and will be more important in the future. The technology we use is mainly information technology and enables the communication between the shop managers and the design team here in headquarters. 12 THE ZARA SUPPLY reach Around 50% of Zara? s garments were sourced from third parties. Unlike its competitors, Zara? s outsourced production came for the most part from Europe (60%), with just 27% coming from Asia, and another 10% from the rest of the world. The products sourced from Asia were basic collection items or wardrobe ? staples,? with minimum fashion content, such as T-shirts, lingerie and woollens, and where there was a clear cost advantage. schematic contracts were kept to a minimum, and Zara was generally a preferred customer due to its order volume and stability. 13 Externally manufactured items were shipped to Zara? s distribution centre. Zara think to source more of the collection from Asia in the future, as commented by Castellano ? In the next few years, we will source more basic items from China and Vietnam, but the high value added fashion items will continue to be made closer to home.? 14 The other 50% of Zara? s garments, those that were more fashion-depende nt, were manufactured in-house, in more than 20 Zara factories located in nearby Arteixo. 15 For its in-house manufacturing, it purchased fabric from Comditel, a subsidiary of Inditex. Half of this fabric was purchased grey (undyed) to enable Zara to respond to changes in colour trends during the season. Dye was purchased from Fibracolor, in which Inditex held a stake.A team of 200 young, talented yet unknown designers were hired (often recent graduates of top design schools) to create designs, ground on the latest fashions from the catwalk and other fashion hotspots, which were easily translatable to the mass market. 16 Working alongside the market specialists and production planners, designers for each of Zara? s collections (Woman, Man, Child) kept in-touch with market developments, to create around 40,000 new designs per year, of which around one-quarter were manufactured. 17 The design and 9 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 production working environment was consistent with Zara? s f lat vertical structure, in which prima donnas were not tolerated. 18 Illustration Fast Fashion Computers were used to guide the cutting tools, using patterns made from selected designs. Zara tried to keep its offering of any style simple, usually in three sizes and three colours only. The labour intensive sewing of the garments was outsourced to around 500 local subcontractors, who used seamstresses in cooperatives. Zara was usually their sole client, and they worked without any written contracts. Zara paid these subcontrators a flat fee per type of garment, (e. g. , ? 5 for a pair of trousers and ? 15 per jacket) and they were expected to see to it on short lead times and fast turnaround. Subcontractors picked up the prepared fabric pieces from Zara, and returned them to the 500,000 m2 distribution centre. 19 At the Zara distribution centre, optical reading devices were used to sort and distribute over 60,000 items per hour. The garments were then picked up and transported by tru ck to different destinations all over Europe (which made up about 75% of deliveries). Products for more distant destinations were transported by air (about 25%).Throughout the process, garments were tracked using bar codes. Shipments tended to have almost zero flaws, with 98. 9% accuracy and under 0. 5% shrinkage. 20 Since Zara? s garments were produced in-house, it was able to make a new line from start to finish in just three weeks (see Exhibit 8). This varied somewhat depending on the type of garment new garments took about five weeks from design to store delivery, while revamped existing items could take as little as deuce weeks. As a result Zara could be responsive to fashion items that were selling well during the season, and to discontinue those that were not.By constantly refreshing the collection, and manufacturing items in high-intensity, Zara was a master of select up up-to-the- minute trends and churning them out to stores around the world in a matter of weeks. ?After M adonna? s first concert date in Spain during a recent tour, her outfit was copied by Zara designers. By the time she performed her last concert in Spain, some members of the audience were wearing the same outfit. ?In 2003, when the Crown Prince of Spain announced his engagement to Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano, she wore a white trouser-suit for the occasion (pictured left).In just a few weeks, the same white trouser-suit was hanging from Zara? s clothes racks all over Europe, where it was snatched up by the ranks Crown Prince Felipe of Spain and Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano of the fashion-conscious. 10 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 short-runs, Zara was able to prevent the accumulation of non-saleable inventories. It was estimated that Zara committed just 15-25% of production before the season began, 50 to 60% at the start of the season, and the remainder manufactured in-season. Percentage of Zara sales consisting of markdowns was 15-20%. In some cases, stores ran out of stock.However, this was n ot viewed as a negative since it contributed to customers? perception of the singularity of their purchase ? Customers are actually satisfied to see items out of stock as they are then confident that there is little chance that many other customers will wear the same dress.? 21 Castellano explained the rationale for this departure from industry norms We don? t want to compete in the bottom end of the market. We offer fashion with a high design content. If I tried to source my collections in Asia, I would not be able to get them readily enough to our stores.By manufacturing close to home, I can scrap collections when they are not selling. And without this rapid response, I would not be able to extract a sound relation between quality, price and fashion which is what our customers have come to expect. 22 A study in 2000 estimated that Zara managed to generate 14. 7% operating margins as a percentage of sales, compared with 10. 6% for Gap and 12. 3% for H&M. Additionally, the same study put Zara? s inventory turnover at 10. 67 outpacing Gap at 7. 18 and H&M at 6. 84. 23 THE FUTURE Following Zara? s success, competitors sought to reduce their own lead times.The competitive advantage achieved by Zara? s vertical integration appeared to be eroding. With its highly centralised structure and its rapid growth, Zara was producing around 12,000 different items per year by 2005. As it opened stores in increasingly distant markets, would Zara be able to retain its flexibility in adjusting production to accommodate differences in local trends? Would the increase in complexity result in a need to create regional production facilities? How would this affect the advantage Zara gained from its centralization?Might Chinese clothing manufacturers prove to be a competitive threat to Zara, with their high capacity and continuous improvements in quality? Castellano discounted this threat ? Being a Zara or Gap is not just about designing fashionable clothes and manufacturing them cheaply. You must also make the transition to being a retailer. It is a big step from manufacturing to distribution. There is also the brain of managing the location and presentation of stores, training staff and so on.? 24 The Zara model seemed to work better in markets where customers had an appetite for fashion (such as France, Italy, Japan and the UK).However, in countries such as France and Italy, Zara had received bad press for copying 11 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 designs from couture labels, and the French Fashion Federation had called for limited access by reporters to fashion shows to sully imitation by copycatters. In other markets, where consumers were less fashion-focussed (e. g. Germany and the U. S. A. ) Zara seemed somewhat less successful. Would Zara be better served in the long run by increasing perceptivity in these fashion- sensitive markets, or by extending its global reach through increased presence in more markets? 12 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037Exhibit 1 Trad itional pacify for a High Street Store Adapted from Dutta, 200425 13 305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 Exhibit 2 Inditex Stores and Sales Sales, by Division (2004-5) Zara Home Kiddy? s Class Pull & Bear 6. 7% Massimo Dutti 8. 5% Bershka 9. 1% Zara 67. 4% Stradivarius 4. 3% 1. 3% Oysho Source Handelsbank, 2005 Source Financial Times, 2005 Percentage of Stores (2005) 0. 7% 2. 1% Zara Home Kiddy? s Class 3% Oysho 5% Stradivarius 10% Pull & Bear 16% 6% Zara 31% Dutti 15% Bershka 14% 14 305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 Exhibit 3 tour of Zara Stores by Country (31 March 2005) Russia Slovenia2 2Hungary Czech Rep.Lithuania1 Asia Pacific = 21 Japan14 Malaysia3 Europe = 576 3 Sweden Denmark Finland Iceland 2 2 1 1 4Romania 3Estonia 1Latvia1 Singapore Hong Kong Mexico Venezuela Brazil genus Argentina Chile Uruguay El Salvador Panama Dominican Rep. 1 Spain244 Portugal41 France83 Greece30 UK34 Belgium17 Germany34 Italy23 Eire4 Turkey11 Cyprus3 Holland6 Switzerland 6 Poland7 Austria6 Malta1 Andorra1 Luxembour g 2 3USA16 1Canada12 Americas = 98 Middle East & Africa = 40 Saudi Arabia Israel UAE Kuwait Lebanon Jordan Qatar Bahrain Morocco 13 13 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 34 8 13 5 5 2 1 1Adapted from Inditex, 2005 Exhibit 4 Inditex Store Formats ZaraKiddy? sPull & Bear Class 15 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 MassimoBershkaStradivariusOyshoZara Home Dutti 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 No of stores723626 Turnover* 3,820 3,220 129103371350 121 90 379 288 22 18. 0 56 19 12. 8 13. 4 30. 5 31 2. 11. 96. 76. 3 61% 80% 44% 16% 327297302 481 389 516 75 60 83 41. 9 40. 9 35. 7 8. 58. 59. 1 50% 56% 52% 253227191104 395 242 162 72 57 394 16 33. 8 15. 4 16. 6 31. 5 8. 64. 33. 51. 3 46% 43%5% 52% 766226 45 40 11 2 0. 3 (0. 5) 35. 1 12. 7 8. 5 10. 70. 2 7%2% Operating Income* % international sales 648 476 65. 8 63. 5 67. 470 % of Inditex ROCE 38% 33% in millions of Euros, rounded off. Source Inditex press dossier, 2005 16 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 Exhibit 5 Key Indicators o f Gap, H&M and Inditex (Financial Years 2003 & 2004) GapiH&MInditex 29 29 30 30 31 31 Reporting Date Sales (millions ? ) Gross Profit (millions ? ) Operating Profit (millions ? ) Profit (millions ? ) Profit after tax (millions ? ) Total Assets (millions ? ) Inventories (millions ? ) January 2005ii January 2004iii November 2004iv November 2003v JanuaryJanuary 20052004 12,47012,6966,0295,3305,6704,599 4,8924,7803,4492,9943,0342,306 1,5981,5221,1981,019925627 1,4351,3491,2361,062886613 882826817706628446 ,7038,5793,1592,8474,2093,510 1,3901,365577558514486 Stores Employees 152,000150,00031,70128,40947,04639,760 Countries 56 20185648 2,9943,0221,0689452,2441,922 Total square3,3993,3931,364vin/a metres (thousands) 1,175988 Source Inditex, H&M and Gap, 2005 i Gap Inc? s stores include Gap, Old Navy and banana Republic. Gap? s sales were ? 5. 6 million, with 1643 stores, and 1. 43 million square metres. ii Exchange Rate of 29 January 2005 is used for all up-to-dateness calculations 0. 76 660 USD = 1? iii Exchange Rate of 29 January 2004 is used for all currency calculations 0. 80080 USD = ? 1 iv Exchange Rate of 30 November 2004 is used for all currency calculations 0. 11230 SEK = 1? v Exchange Rate of 30 November 2003 is used for all currency calculations 0. 11050 SEK = 1? vi Estimated (Adapted from Datamonitor, 2005). Exhibit 6 Iniditex vs. H&M (1998-2004) Sales, Inditex vs H&M (Millions, ? ) 17 Inditex H&M 305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 Number of Stores, Inditex vs H&M (1999-2004) 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 22244 66029 5670 1922 55,058 5330 1558 11284 682771 99451068 IInditex H&M 44599 1080 613 44,196 3,980 3,250 922 8844 33,255 1,614 2,035 3,508 2,615 ,631 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 NNumber of Countries, Inditex vs H&M (1999-2004) 60 50 40 30 20 10 556 11998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 44 14 448 330 12 339 33 1414 118 220 IInditex H&M 0 0 11999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 AAdapted from Inditex and H&M, 2005 18 -305-308 -1 LBS-CS-05-037 Exhibit 7 A Zara advertisement The Cheap Frock coat (119) White shirt (25) ZARA Black necktie (65) HACKETT Woollen Trousers (45) and Black boots (55), both ZARA The Expensive Black cashmere frock coat (950) White tuxedo shirt (190) Black necktie (86) and Woollen Trousers (380) both RALPH LAUREN Black boots (500) are by UNGARO 19 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 Exhibit 8 Zara Season Adapted from Dutta, 2004 Endnotes 20 -305-308-1 LBS-CS-05-037 1 Crawford, L. (2005) ? Inditex sizes up Europe in expansion drive,? Financial Times, 1 February 2005, p. 30. 2 Ferdows, K. J. , A. D. Machuca and M. Lewis (2003) ? Zara,? CIBER caseful Collection, inch University. 3 D? Andrea, G. and D. Arnold (2003) ? Zara,? Harvard Business School part 9-503-050, p. 7. 4 ? Zara, la deferlante de la mode espagnole,? Interview with Stephane Labelle, MD of Zara France, Enjeux-Les Echos, February 1996. 5 Crawford, L. (2000) ? Inside Track set on the style with rapid response,? Financial Times , 26 February 2000. 6 D? Andrea, G. and D. Arnold (2003) ? Zara,? Harvard Business School Case 9-503-050, p. 19. 7 D? Andrea, G. and D. Arnold (2003) ? Zara,? Harvard Business School Case 9-503-050, p. 18 8 Ferdows, K. J. , K. M. Lewis and J. A. D. Machuca (2003) ? Zara,? Supply Chain Forum 4(2) 62. 9 Ferdows, K. J. , A. D. Machuca and M. Lewis (2003) ? Zara,? CIBER Case Collection, Indiana University, p. 6. 10 Ghemawat, P. and J. L. Nueno (2003) ? Zara Fast Fashion,? Harvard Business School Case 9-703-497, p. 10. 11 ? The future(a) of Fast Fashion,? The Economist, 18 June 2005, p. 63. 12 ? Zara A Retailer? s Dream,? from http//www. fashionunited. co. uk/news/archive/inditex1. htm 13 Ferdows, K. J. , A. D. Machuca and M. Lewis (2003) ? Zara,? CIBER Case Collection, Indiana University, p. 7. 14 Crawford, L. (2005) ? Inditex sizes up Europe in expansion drive,? Financial Times, 1 February 2005, p. 30. 15 Fraiman, N. , M. Singh, L. Arrington and C. Paris (2002) ? Zara,? Colu mbia Business School Case, p. 5. 16 Ghemawat, P. and J. L. Nueno (2003) ? Zara Fast Fashion,? Harvard Business School Case 9-703-497, p. 0. 17 Fraiman, N. , M. Singh, L. Arrington and C. Paris (2002) ? Zara,? Columbia Business School Case, p. 5. 18 Ferdows, K. J. , A. D. Machuca and M. Lewis (2003) ? Zara,? CIBER Case Collection, Indiana University, p. 6. 19 Fraiman, N. , M. Singh, L. Arrington and C. Paris (2002) ? Zara,? Columbia Business School Case, p. 6. 20 Ferdows, K. J. , A. D. Machuca and M. Lewis (2003) ? Zara,? CIBER Case Collection, Indiana University, p. 8. 21 Interview with Anthony Pralle, Senior Vice President of Boston Consulting Group, Madrid, 13 July 1999, as quoted in Harle, N. , M. Pich and L.Van der Heyden (2002) ? Marks & Spencer and Zara Process Competition in the Textile Apparel Industry,? INSEAD Case 602- 010-1. 22 Crawford, L. ?Inditex sizes up Europe in expansion drive Rapid design, manufacture and distribution keep pressure on rivals,? Financial Tim es, 1 February 2005. 23 D? Andrea, G. and D. Arnold (2003) ? Zara,? Harvard Business School Case 9-503-050. 24 Crawford, L. (2005) ? Inditex sizes up Europe in expansion drive,? Financial Times, 1 February 2005, p. 30. 25 Dutta, D. (2004) ? Brand Watch Zara,? Images Fashion Forum Presentation, New Delhi, 12 February 2004.