Is the U.S. Winning the Drug War in Latin America Research Paper - 1

Is the U.S. Winning the Drug War in Latin America - Research Paper Example CON: No, the US is not winning the drug war in Latin America 1. Latin American nations are moving towards drug legalization 2. Drugs have become important in balancing international trade in Peru by earning the nation a huge foreign income 3. US anti-drug operations in some nations like Guatemala and Mexico are accused of victimization in their war on drugs 4. Venezuelan government is aiding drug traffickers by making the nation a key launching pad for US and Europe-bound cocaine 5. Latin America has marked a huge rise in coca production over the past few years despite the US efforts of discouraging its production Amidst the narcotics decriminalizing calls by some leading Latin American leaders, Janet Napolitano, the US Homeland Security Secretary defended the drug war strategy of the US. In her tour of Central America and Mexico to strengthen the security cooperation with the nations, Napolitano claimed that the US would continue assisting the Latin American efforts of going after t he regional producers and traffickers of drugs despite persistent drug-related violence.1 She claims that drug war has not failed but is rather a continuous effort of keeping the regional population from addiction to the dangerous drugs. Felipe Calderon, the Mexican President, supports the war and his target is the leading kingpins, capturing and/or killing several key cartel figures with the help of the US. The two nations are also united in the search for Joaquin Guzman, after he escaped in 2001 from prison.2 Alvaro Uribe, Columbia’s President, started meeting the other regional nations’ leaders on 4 August 2009 in support of the US anti-drug campaign. During the trip, Uribe’s aim was attempting to appease the other leaders from Latin America’s concerns regarding a deal that he expected to sign to allow the United States to relocate its recommendable drug-interdiction flight activities to Colombia following the dismissal of such operations from Ecuador. The plan could raise the number of the American troops within Colombia to facilitate war on drugs.3 This effort by President Uribe shows that the US war on drugs has impact on the Latin American countries and this support implies the war is not that badly off. The nation is under so much international pressure as the international community assumes that the US should deal with the whole situation with finality. This pressure may in turn make the US appear as if it is doing so little in this drugs war, which is not entirely the case.4 However, most Latin American nations consider this war as an overwhelming failure. Jose de Cordoba argues that drug violence has spiraled beyond control in Mexico with a commission headed by 3 former heads of Latin American states blasting the war on drug as a failed effort, which is pushing the societies in Latin America to their breaking point.5 Consequently, the first Latin American Conference attendees favored decriminalization of possession of dru gs for personal use.6 Moreover, the attendees claimed that legislative reforms were underway to facilitate smaller sentences are given to the small traffickers, and set up policies, which minimize harm via encouraging the addicts to seek help from the health system. Such a hemispheric summit could spark open revolt against US-led drug war. Actually, Latin Americans are determined to gain their independence from the ‘disastrous’ US anti-drug policy.7 In an article dated 7 August 2009, Romulo Pizarro, Peru’s drug czar, estimates that the earnings of the foreign

Visual Analysis and critical reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Visual Analysis and critical reflection - Essay Example 3D printing has changed the game of industries, products and buildings since the last 20 years. Students today are aware of the techniques through which 3D printing can be used. The methods, techniques, materials and designs used are all upgraded and modernized using the best of technologies. As a student of 3D designing and printing I finally chose 3D architecture as the major field. This is because of the unique methods and techniques that it uses and ends up creating an absolutely amazing building that no one could think of. It is a blend of creativity and technique which gives the architect to freely think of the most unusual look for a building. These fascinating ideas inspire me and attract me towards the 3D architecture. 3D architecture uses the process of tessellation in which many geometrical shapes whether regular or irregular are tied together without any gaps. This technique is being recently used to create real life structures and buildings in a creative way. I believe w ith the advancement in the 3D architecture, the world can see amazing new buildings for which a bunch of creative and imaginative architects are responsible. The idea of 3D designing and printing in jewelry, arts and other industrial objects has also been fascinating as I study more about it. 3D designing in jewelry making is also a unique way of presenting creative ideas. Many famous jewelry designers have adopted this technique by using their great ideas, putting them through digital technology and implying it on the materials. The 3D printing is done through digital technology and thus it is easier for the students to learn it (Kuneinen, 2012). Anyone who wants to be a 3D printing expert needs practice and creative ideas to create unusual objects. The best part about the 3D designing is that it is present in every manufacturing or constructing industry for example automotive, aerospace, jewelry, architecture, arts, medical, and electronics and so on. The diverse areas where the 3 D printing can be applied attract many students to apply it in their fields. The most important part about the 3D designing and architecture is the materials that have to be used. The 3D designing in architecture needs a variety of materials that are involved in the process. The architectural model and structure is made out of a large number of materials and lesser volume since tessellation ties it together without gaps. The 3D model is made at first which uses plastic as the core material. The 3D model allows the architects to get a picture of how the structure would look like, and also its balance can be judged. The material used for the buildings would usually be steel and glass. The tessellation involves many geometrical shapes to be tied together on a plain. These shapes are made from glass or steel at the facade of the building to give an attractive look for instance the Federation Square in Australia. 3D printing and designing has become a technology which is widely used in m any fields and industries around the world. The 3D technologies give a promising and bright future so many people are attracted towards it. These technologies are complicated thus skilled people are needed in every field to operate these machines. 3D printers today are used for rapid product prototyping. The 3D printing enables the engineers to fit the parts of the object long before that are sending for production. The 3D models also enable the architects to create detailed models and show them to the clients at low-cost (The Economist Newspaper Limited, 2013). The range of uses of 3D printing is constantly increasing and the technology is catching the attention of many upcoming students. As with the 3D architecture, the study about the technology also increases the opportunities for students in the future since the future of this 3D technology is extremely bright. Currently the 3D printing is used to make the pre-production mould but in the near future the technology can be used t o make end-use products. Imagine a

The Mission of the Ideal Organization Assignment - 2

The Mission of the Ideal Organization - Assignment Example One basic assumption of an ideal organization’s culture and structure is the provision of a graphic profile of the enterprise’s traditions in terms of the behavioral norms that employees need to exhibit. Fitting in and meeting organizational expectations make up another basic assumption of an ideal organization. These anticipations guide the attitude of employees towards their work and the way they socialize with coworkers and superiors. The structure of an ideal organization would be functional. A functional structure concentrates on building very effective and specified divisions that carry out specialized duties. A functional organizational structure would be broken down into three business divisions: retail and business, asset management, and wholesale finance. Administration of these divisions would revolve around centralization, hierarchy, and departmentalization. If the organization were a large corporation, specialization would be commendable for the accomplishment of bureaucratic administration. Additionally, departmentalizing differing aspects of the organization’s operations should maximize effectiveness.  

Power and Inequality in a Cultural and Linguistic Anthropolistic View Essay Example for Free

Power and Inequality in a Cultural and Linguistic Anthropolistic View Essay Centuries have passed and the different relationships of power and inequality are still present. Power and inequality have always been an issue and a topic of discussion among many different people in different cultures. Although much has changed throughout history, the struggle between power and inequality is still inevitable. There are many different types of power and inequalities ranging from gender to race and culture. Anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality by submerging into different cultures and studying how power and inequality play a role in their society. Power and inequality still play a role in modern human cultures as seen by different struggles of cultures as well as the differentiation of linguistics. Cultural anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality in modern human populations as they immerse themselves into understanding the different circumstances of different cultures of today and of the past as well. Throughout the years, there has been a struggle of power and inequality between many, including gender and race. Gender has been an issue in many different cultures, and continues to be a struggle even today. In the past, gender issues have resulted in many problems. For example, after China passed the one child law, many parents wanted to have sons rather than daughters because of the thought that sons were more worthy. This however, has resulted in an imbalance of the male and female ratio as it has reached 144:100, in the rural areas of China (Peters-Golden, 2012). In modern society, it is evident that in most cultures, the male is still the dominant gender. In some cultures, including some in the Middle East, women are looked down upon, mistreated and are not treated as equals. Even in the modern Western culture, there is still evidence that the women are at a disadvantage compared to the men (Feminist Economics, 2003). Along with gender, race has also been a reoccurring issue of as well. Previously, the Western worlds perceived themselves as having more power and were more superior to any other culture. Culture today, according to cultural anthropologists, is learned and is subject to modification meaning that the modern population can adapt to new races and cultures as well as their own. Different societies should be subject to his or her own culture rather than perceiving that one race or culture as superior to any other. Cultural anthropologists believe that â€Å"how people have been accepted and treated of a given society of culture has a direct impact on how they perform in that society† (American Anthropology Association, 1998). Thus concluding that not everybody can see themselves as superior, as it affects the society as a whole as well. The United States is an example of many different cultural prejudices, and its affects are apparent in their everyday lives including the media. Cultural anthropologists have been studying different cultures of the world, and many of them have different opinions of power and inequality as can be seen by the ways the cultures interact. In the modern world, there are many pieces of evidence that power and inequality are still present and is still an issue in modern human populations. Power and inequality have much to do with cultural studies, but can also be interpreted in a linguistic anthropological view as well. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social society in cultures. Although not necessarily seen as inequality, many different languages have different words categorising between gender, age, and status among others. Linguistics is also an important part of cultural anthropology as well. In many different languages, the use of words reflects the cultures status on both power and inequality (University of Washington, 2004). For example, in many languages, including French, Spanish, and Persian, noun classification is sorted by gender. In Thai, there are around 13 ways to say the pronoun â€Å"I† each one used in different circumstances, depending on who and what is being said. In both cases, the use of language is separated by power and could be thought of as a social inequality because different people are referred to by their gender or social status. As well as words that play a role in cultures, the different languages does as well. According to Mary Bucholtz and Kira Hall (1995), linguistic anthropologists, they say that power is linked with markedness. Markedness is a process where â€Å"some social categories gain a special, default status that contrasts with the identities of other groups, which are usually highly recognisable† and is evident in some countries (Bucholtz Hall, 1995, p. 372). An example of this is in Zambia, a country that speaks a total of 73 languages, however, only around 7 are considered the ‘dominant’ language as they are positioned above the others, while English is the official language that is unmarked, and considered to be the most important (Spitulnik, 1998). Linguistic anthropology is an important part when studying the different power and inequalities of cultures. Linguistics can show how cultures can interact by languages and determine who is ‘dominant’ or can differentiate people by status or gender. In modern human populations, the existence of power and inequality is still present. Anthropologists, both linguistic and cultural, investigate the presence in struggle of balancing power and inequality. Different times represent different mindsets, however, both power and inequality have been present for basically all of human existence. Prejudice is inevitable in both the past and current human population, ranging from race, gender, different individuals, and cultures, among others. Anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality by submerging into different cultures and studying how power and inequality play a role in their society. Studying the language of other cultures by linguistic anthropologists can also determine many aspects of power and inequality in not only the different cultures of today, but also of the past as well.

Cherokee Indians :: essays research papers

Out of the many Indian tribes of the past, none have been more interesting as the Cherokee. This interesting tribe was brutally forced out of their native land during the â€Å"Trail of Tears.† Here is the story of these remarkable Indians and their legacy left in the United States today. The Cherokee’s believed earth was a floating island suspended by four cords in the sky, which was made of solid rock. Before the island was created everyone lived above the rock sky, where it was very crowded. The tribe leader sent down a water beetle to explore the vast sea beneath the sky. The beetle came to find no land, but it dived below the water and surfaced with mud that began to grow until it formed the island of earth. The water beetle eventually returned to the sky and the buzzard went down to see if the island was dry enough for the animals. While the buzzard was flying he became tired, and his wings began to hit the ground. Everywhere his wings struck earth, which was still soft, there was a valley, and when he lifted them he made a mountain. At last the earth was dry enough for plants and animals to come down from the sky. (The Cherokee, Perdue) The first people were Kana’ti and Selu. They had only one son until a mysterious child whom they called â€Å"w ild boy† sprang from the river where Selu had washed game. They tried to tame him but he remained mischievous. Kana’ti provided meat for the family. One day the two boys followed their father to see how he was such a skilled hunter. They watched him climb a mountainside where he moved a large rock and a fat buck ran out, which he eventually killed. Several days later the boys tried to imitate their father. They lifted the rock and a deer ran out, and got away. The boys left the hole where the buck ran out unattended, and eventually all the game that was hidden inside the hole escaped, which explains all the game of the world. (Cherokee History, Page 1 of 3) The Cherokee lived in villages that sometimes stretched for several miles along river banks. Each village had a council house (or town house) and a plaza where the villagers met to socialize, make political decisions, and conduct religious ceremonies. The council house was a very large circular building that sometimes sat atop an earthen mound.

From Freedom Of Contract

The modern entrant making process Is often a set of very complex agreements and usually Involves big amounts of money. The negotiations may last for months or even years. As a result, the parties will reach an agreement by piecemeal. There Is not a simple offer and an acceptance anymore, but there are offers, counteroffers, partial discussion. But when exactly the discussion is ended? For this still developing contract formation procedure, in most legal systems there are no special and adequate rules established. Since it is impossible to qualify in these cases offer and acceptance, a whole set of new problems arises: . As the agreement been concluded; 2. When was it concluded; 3. If the agreement is concluded, what are the terms of it. In this paper I will examine and discuss a very controversial topic in the theory of the formation of contracts: the relationship between parties in a situation in which an agreement has not been reached and one of the parties breaks off the negotiati ons. This can be done in several ways: one 2 can Just end the negotiations and walk away, the offered can revoke his offer, an option clause is violated etc.Since there is still no contractual liability in these cases, he question arises if there is any liability at all and if so according to what theory a party is held liable. I will analyses this problem from the point of view of two legal families: Common Law and Civil Law. In the context of this paper by Civil Law I mean the codified law systems in Western Europe and I will discuss French, German and Dutch law. We will see that there are important differences between the Common Law and the Civil Law approach to these problems.As a result of the still growing trade market between the United States and Western Europe it is of utmost importance that one is aware of these differences. I want to discuss three topics: 1 . Cross-boundary pre-contractual negotiations will bring together law and culture and reality and perception and so many problematic situations; I will give you Just some examples to show what I mean; 2. Then I will discuss the different approaches as mentioned above and even more important the different results on what is understand as pre-contractual liability; 3. He last topic will be on recent European developments in contract law in this field as realized in a proposed European Code of Contract Law. 2. Law and culture As I said before, pre-contractual negotiations will not only bring together law and ultra but also reality and perception. So it is quite possible that one party – from his particular background and legal culture – is convinced that after some meetings an agreement is reached, as the opposite party thinks these were still preliminary conversations. When this is the case severe problems will rise and immediately two questions have to be answered: 1 . According to which law the breaking off of the negotiations has to be Judged; 2. And which court has standing. In Co mmon Law countries, as a rule lawyers will take part in the conversation in a very early stage of the negotiations. s true for The Netherlands you from the start of the 3 – it is all a matter of trust. If you take your lawyers with negotiations it means you don't trust the other party so they don't trust you. The result is that you start the negotiations one step behind the other party and that is exactly not what you want.Probably this is also because English and American contracts are much longer than German, French or Dutch contracts. 1 Just one example; contrast these two standard forms of a forum selection clause: ; American clause: The exclusive forum for the resolution of any dispute under or rising out of this agreement shall be the courts of general Jurisdiction of xx and both parties submit to the Jurisdiction of such courts. The parties waive all objections based on forum non convenience; German clause: Cholinesterase Geriatricians sit xx (the only competent court is (P. 96) So when you enter into international contracting your first lessons are: 1 . Be aware of the cultural differences and legal mentality between you and the other party ; 2. Try to reach an agreement on two questions as early in the negotiations as possible: a. Which law has to be applied in case anything goes wrong (express choice of law); b. Which court has standing. A way to realize an answer to these questions in the pre-contractual stage is the use of a so called Letter of Intend or a Memorandum of Agreement.In case anything goes wrong, such a Letter or Memorandum can save a lot of time and money for both parties. According to American case law the answer of the question if the Letter or Memorandum is legally binding depends on the following factors: – The amount of details; – The language used; – Are there any escape-clauses; – Are there ‘subject to formal contract/definitive agreement' clauses; See for a comparison between American an d German contracts: Claire A. Hill and Christopher King, How do German contracts do as much with fewer words? , 79 Chicago-Kent Law Review 2004, p. 889 – 926. – Complexity of the transaction; – The way parties behave in the pre-contractual stage; – Custom. In Civil law similar factors are used. For about seven years I was honorary Judge in the Court of Rotterdam in a division on international contracts. In a surprisingly amount of cases – where contracts were actually formed – there was no provision on an express choice of law and on which court has standing. Making a choice on forehand will save time and money and the allowing factors can be taken into account. In the first place parties create certainty; both parties know what to expect in case anything goes wrong.I will take the English approach as a starting point, because this approach still resembles the classical theory on contract law. (Gigglier 2002, Cheshire and Foot 2001, Allen 19 91) In the case William Lacey (Winslow) Ltd. V. Davis [1957] 1 W. L. R. 932, 934 (Q. B. 1957) the view is expressed that a party to negotiations undertakes this work as a gamble, and its cost is part of the overhead expense of his business which he hopes will be met out of the profits of such contracts as are made. ‘ More recently the leading case on this topic is Wallboard v.Miles [1992] 1 All ERE 453. The question was if the parties can, by agreement, impose on themselves a duty to negotiate in good faith. Lord Cancer held: ‘Each party to the negotiations is entitled to pursue his (or her) own interest, so long as he avoids making misrepresentations. To advance that interest he must be entitled, if he thinks it appropriate, to threaten to withdraw from further negotiation or to withdraw in fact in the hope that the opposite party may seek to reopen negotiations by offering him improved terms.A duty to negotiate in good faith is as unworkable in practice as it is inhere ntly inconsistent with the position of the negotiating party. In spite of this rather rigid and formalistic view English law has taken on this question, there are some grounds to pursue negotiations or to recover damages in case of breaking off the negotiations. 6 Although the main contract has not been concluded, the court may held that there is a collateral contract which gives rise to some rights during the negotiating process.And even though there is no contract, a party may be entitled to restitution relief on the grounds that the other party has derived a benefit from the transaction for which he should compensate the plaintiff even if no contract has arisen (unjust enrichment). Finally a party can be held liable for loss which he inflicted on the other party in case of fraudulent misrepresentation (a claim in tort, e. G. When there was never an intention to form a contract) or negligent misrepresentation. In England one can only claim negative interests.Specific performance à ¢â‚¬â€œ that is to say forcing parties to re-open negotiations – is not possible. 3. 1. 2 AMERICAN LAW (Tanner and Hamilton, paper 2004, Track 1991) Like in English contract theory, it is generally agreed that also in the United States the existence of a duty in good faith is denied in the absence of an enforceable contract. According to American law there are three other grounds for pre-contractual liability. As in England, unjust enrichment as a basis for liability could be a ground for restitution.However, Just a few courts have entertained such claims and the prevailing view is still the alternator theory: both benefit and loss are at risk of the parties. Also the misrepresentation theory is considered to be a ground for recovering losses in the preoccupation stage in the United States, but situations in which this occurs American courts is the doctrine of promissory estoppels: one negotiating party cannot thou liability breach a promise made during negotiations, if the o ther party relied on that promise.

Economical Factor

The reason for this is because chicken and park are a healthier option and they are low in fat products. Many large supermarket brand their own company names on different produces which have similar nutritional values. Access to shops is another economical factor, foods will be easy to consume it all depends on the way which the person is able to access shops. Many supermarkets provide the best value for money due to the competitive prices.Most of the supermarkets can be accessed by traveling in public transport. Also there are other ways which people can shop for example internet shopping has helped widely for many people to access foods but not many have the access to internet. Food supply is available to us in markets and some of the produces travel around the world in order to reach the supermarkets. This suggests that most fruit and vegetables are available for us any time of the year which has helped in developing menus.Due to this it has been a large affect on the foods which are being supplied for example food products like fish are easier to be supplied and bought by people. Socio-cultural issues : Diet can be influenced hugely by family. Our eating habits can be guided by our careers and they are the ones hen we are younger make choices such as what we should eat and what we should not eat. We can learn about various things such as healthy eating,religious rules or indirectly through the foods which we consume.Some people due to their religion they may fast or they might have beliefs that they are not allowed to eat certain animals because they believe that these animals are unclean, because children are bought up like this they are socialized into the values of their culture. Also eating meals together as a family could be important in some cultures. ISO some religions have religious occasions involve food as a ritual. Education- The amount of money which is sent on education population about healthy eating and food hygiene and things which influence the foods we eat are high.Public health is important. Environmental health is viewed by the could they make sure that they are monitoring anyone who is preparing food for the public to consume and they also ensure that the food is prepared in a hygienic way which the customers are able to buy it-elf there is unsafe food hygiene is identified then there will be notice which will be issued and the organization can be temporarily IR permanently closed down-The inspections are carried out with and with out the organization knowing .Also they are awarded with stars which are between O and 5 stars. Health Education has been promoted and campaigns has gone to show improvement in public awareness of healthy eating. For example the Five-a- day campaign began in 2003, this was when a huge amount of money was awarded by the big lottery in order to improve the consumption of fruits and vegetables in primary care trusts. There are many other campaigns such as Change 4 Life.Food hygiene is anoth er important factor which will benefit health. Even if the product is fresh or high in quality if the food hygiene is not good then the product would cause effects such as people getting ill or even killing them. Food labels are on many food products they allow the buyer to make choices about what food they are eating. If someone is choosing a healthier option then they will be able to read the label and see if there are high and low of certain nutrients which they might need.Many foods are found in the supermarket they are often marketed as they has health benefits. There are certain rules which are the manufactures cannot call foods as they are reduced calorie, the food has to be in the standard version in Order to be called as lower in calorie-However there are no legal definitions for the term low-fat, but produces cannot call foods which are high in fat as low in fat. Also if a food label has a ingredient displayed on the ingredient section then they must have it.There will be different roles for different health professionals. Dieticians has to work with patients who will need special diet and they try to make sure that the individual to eat certain foods within restriction due to their medical condition while they are trying to maintain a healthy balanced diet. Public health nutritionists does not work with individuals but they advise the government about healthy eating.Their advice can form the basis of public campaigns-Doctors are the in a ideal position which they are able to discuss paints diets during consultations-Many of the times people might go to the doctors more often-elf money is not in the correct weight and also if they are developing health issues such as high blood pressure. So therefore the doctor can advise to avoid certain foods such as saturated fat or high-salt foods. The doctor can also be referred to dietician if it is necessary. Nurses can also understand both healthy diets and also special diets.They also can suggest what foods to eat and what to avoid for a range of medical conditions-Also nurses also help with tube feeding and they can ensure that those who unable to eat independently receive correct amount of food and drink. Careers who work in both residential and community settings should be able to understand a healthy eating and special dietary requirements. Due to the lack of knowledge some cares have poor understanding in how to improve their ability to advise individuals on good diet.Sports nutritionist will work mainly with athlete to help them with their diet and to maximize their strength and fitness to make them to perform at their best ability. Also the nutritionist can prepare a diet plan that will have various nutrients and training which they will need to participate. Health and fitness instructors work at gyms and leisure centers and they also include personal training to maintain people's fitness levels but they are not athletes.They also have a good understanding of different diets and healthy eating as this is a part of their training. Social Policy – There are different ways which their are improvements to the diets of the population through social policy. There are different approaches to health education, and it also involves creating a lot of opportunities which will help people to choose healthy options for their diet. For example there were policies such as Nutritional Standards for School Lunches were agreed by the school Meals Review Panel and implemented in 2006.The standards require that: High- Quality meat,poultry or oily fish are regularly available , at least two portions of fruit and vegetables should be available with every meal, bread other cereals and potatoes are regularly available , deep- fried food is limited to no more than two portions per week, fizzy and other confectioneries are removed from school meals and wending machines , children and young people must have easy access at all times to free fresh ranking water in schools.