The Mission of the Ideal Organization Assignment - 2

The Mission of the Ideal Organization - Assignment Example One basic assumption of an ideal organization’s culture and structure is the provision of a graphic profile of the enterprise’s traditions in terms of the behavioral norms that employees need to exhibit. Fitting in and meeting organizational expectations make up another basic assumption of an ideal organization. These anticipations guide the attitude of employees towards their work and the way they socialize with coworkers and superiors. The structure of an ideal organization would be functional. A functional structure concentrates on building very effective and specified divisions that carry out specialized duties. A functional organizational structure would be broken down into three business divisions: retail and business, asset management, and wholesale finance. Administration of these divisions would revolve around centralization, hierarchy, and departmentalization. If the organization were a large corporation, specialization would be commendable for the accomplishment of bureaucratic administration. Additionally, departmentalizing differing aspects of the organization’s operations should maximize effectiveness.  

Power and Inequality in a Cultural and Linguistic Anthropolistic View Essay Example for Free

Power and Inequality in a Cultural and Linguistic Anthropolistic View Essay Centuries have passed and the different relationships of power and inequality are still present. Power and inequality have always been an issue and a topic of discussion among many different people in different cultures. Although much has changed throughout history, the struggle between power and inequality is still inevitable. There are many different types of power and inequalities ranging from gender to race and culture. Anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality by submerging into different cultures and studying how power and inequality play a role in their society. Power and inequality still play a role in modern human cultures as seen by different struggles of cultures as well as the differentiation of linguistics. Cultural anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality in modern human populations as they immerse themselves into understanding the different circumstances of different cultures of today and of the past as well. Throughout the years, there has been a struggle of power and inequality between many, including gender and race. Gender has been an issue in many different cultures, and continues to be a struggle even today. In the past, gender issues have resulted in many problems. For example, after China passed the one child law, many parents wanted to have sons rather than daughters because of the thought that sons were more worthy. This however, has resulted in an imbalance of the male and female ratio as it has reached 144:100, in the rural areas of China (Peters-Golden, 2012). In modern society, it is evident that in most cultures, the male is still the dominant gender. In some cultures, including some in the Middle East, women are looked down upon, mistreated and are not treated as equals. Even in the modern Western culture, there is still evidence that the women are at a disadvantage compared to the men (Feminist Economics, 2003). Along with gender, race has also been a reoccurring issue of as well. Previously, the Western worlds perceived themselves as having more power and were more superior to any other culture. Culture today, according to cultural anthropologists, is learned and is subject to modification meaning that the modern population can adapt to new races and cultures as well as their own. Different societies should be subject to his or her own culture rather than perceiving that one race or culture as superior to any other. Cultural anthropologists believe that â€Å"how people have been accepted and treated of a given society of culture has a direct impact on how they perform in that society† (American Anthropology Association, 1998). Thus concluding that not everybody can see themselves as superior, as it affects the society as a whole as well. The United States is an example of many different cultural prejudices, and its affects are apparent in their everyday lives including the media. Cultural anthropologists have been studying different cultures of the world, and many of them have different opinions of power and inequality as can be seen by the ways the cultures interact. In the modern world, there are many pieces of evidence that power and inequality are still present and is still an issue in modern human populations. Power and inequality have much to do with cultural studies, but can also be interpreted in a linguistic anthropological view as well. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social society in cultures. Although not necessarily seen as inequality, many different languages have different words categorising between gender, age, and status among others. Linguistics is also an important part of cultural anthropology as well. In many different languages, the use of words reflects the cultures status on both power and inequality (University of Washington, 2004). For example, in many languages, including French, Spanish, and Persian, noun classification is sorted by gender. In Thai, there are around 13 ways to say the pronoun â€Å"I† each one used in different circumstances, depending on who and what is being said. In both cases, the use of language is separated by power and could be thought of as a social inequality because different people are referred to by their gender or social status. As well as words that play a role in cultures, the different languages does as well. According to Mary Bucholtz and Kira Hall (1995), linguistic anthropologists, they say that power is linked with markedness. Markedness is a process where â€Å"some social categories gain a special, default status that contrasts with the identities of other groups, which are usually highly recognisable† and is evident in some countries (Bucholtz Hall, 1995, p. 372). An example of this is in Zambia, a country that speaks a total of 73 languages, however, only around 7 are considered the ‘dominant’ language as they are positioned above the others, while English is the official language that is unmarked, and considered to be the most important (Spitulnik, 1998). Linguistic anthropology is an important part when studying the different power and inequalities of cultures. Linguistics can show how cultures can interact by languages and determine who is ‘dominant’ or can differentiate people by status or gender. In modern human populations, the existence of power and inequality is still present. Anthropologists, both linguistic and cultural, investigate the presence in struggle of balancing power and inequality. Different times represent different mindsets, however, both power and inequality have been present for basically all of human existence. Prejudice is inevitable in both the past and current human population, ranging from race, gender, different individuals, and cultures, among others. Anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality by submerging into different cultures and studying how power and inequality play a role in their society. Studying the language of other cultures by linguistic anthropologists can also determine many aspects of power and inequality in not only the different cultures of today, but also of the past as well.

Cherokee Indians :: essays research papers

Out of the many Indian tribes of the past, none have been more interesting as the Cherokee. This interesting tribe was brutally forced out of their native land during the â€Å"Trail of Tears.† Here is the story of these remarkable Indians and their legacy left in the United States today. The Cherokee’s believed earth was a floating island suspended by four cords in the sky, which was made of solid rock. Before the island was created everyone lived above the rock sky, where it was very crowded. The tribe leader sent down a water beetle to explore the vast sea beneath the sky. The beetle came to find no land, but it dived below the water and surfaced with mud that began to grow until it formed the island of earth. The water beetle eventually returned to the sky and the buzzard went down to see if the island was dry enough for the animals. While the buzzard was flying he became tired, and his wings began to hit the ground. Everywhere his wings struck earth, which was still soft, there was a valley, and when he lifted them he made a mountain. At last the earth was dry enough for plants and animals to come down from the sky. (The Cherokee, Perdue) The first people were Kana’ti and Selu. They had only one son until a mysterious child whom they called â€Å"w ild boy† sprang from the river where Selu had washed game. They tried to tame him but he remained mischievous. Kana’ti provided meat for the family. One day the two boys followed their father to see how he was such a skilled hunter. They watched him climb a mountainside where he moved a large rock and a fat buck ran out, which he eventually killed. Several days later the boys tried to imitate their father. They lifted the rock and a deer ran out, and got away. The boys left the hole where the buck ran out unattended, and eventually all the game that was hidden inside the hole escaped, which explains all the game of the world. (Cherokee History, Page 1 of 3) The Cherokee lived in villages that sometimes stretched for several miles along river banks. Each village had a council house (or town house) and a plaza where the villagers met to socialize, make political decisions, and conduct religious ceremonies. The council house was a very large circular building that sometimes sat atop an earthen mound.

From Freedom Of Contract

The modern entrant making process Is often a set of very complex agreements and usually Involves big amounts of money. The negotiations may last for months or even years. As a result, the parties will reach an agreement by piecemeal. There Is not a simple offer and an acceptance anymore, but there are offers, counteroffers, partial discussion. But when exactly the discussion is ended? For this still developing contract formation procedure, in most legal systems there are no special and adequate rules established. Since it is impossible to qualify in these cases offer and acceptance, a whole set of new problems arises: . As the agreement been concluded; 2. When was it concluded; 3. If the agreement is concluded, what are the terms of it. In this paper I will examine and discuss a very controversial topic in the theory of the formation of contracts: the relationship between parties in a situation in which an agreement has not been reached and one of the parties breaks off the negotiati ons. This can be done in several ways: one 2 can Just end the negotiations and walk away, the offered can revoke his offer, an option clause is violated etc.Since there is still no contractual liability in these cases, he question arises if there is any liability at all and if so according to what theory a party is held liable. I will analyses this problem from the point of view of two legal families: Common Law and Civil Law. In the context of this paper by Civil Law I mean the codified law systems in Western Europe and I will discuss French, German and Dutch law. We will see that there are important differences between the Common Law and the Civil Law approach to these problems.As a result of the still growing trade market between the United States and Western Europe it is of utmost importance that one is aware of these differences. I want to discuss three topics: 1 . Cross-boundary pre-contractual negotiations will bring together law and culture and reality and perception and so many problematic situations; I will give you Just some examples to show what I mean; 2. Then I will discuss the different approaches as mentioned above and even more important the different results on what is understand as pre-contractual liability; 3. He last topic will be on recent European developments in contract law in this field as realized in a proposed European Code of Contract Law. 2. Law and culture As I said before, pre-contractual negotiations will not only bring together law and ultra but also reality and perception. So it is quite possible that one party – from his particular background and legal culture – is convinced that after some meetings an agreement is reached, as the opposite party thinks these were still preliminary conversations. When this is the case severe problems will rise and immediately two questions have to be answered: 1 . According to which law the breaking off of the negotiations has to be Judged; 2. And which court has standing. In Co mmon Law countries, as a rule lawyers will take part in the conversation in a very early stage of the negotiations. s true for The Netherlands you from the start of the 3 – it is all a matter of trust. If you take your lawyers with negotiations it means you don't trust the other party so they don't trust you. The result is that you start the negotiations one step behind the other party and that is exactly not what you want.Probably this is also because English and American contracts are much longer than German, French or Dutch contracts. 1 Just one example; contrast these two standard forms of a forum selection clause: ; American clause: The exclusive forum for the resolution of any dispute under or rising out of this agreement shall be the courts of general Jurisdiction of xx and both parties submit to the Jurisdiction of such courts. The parties waive all objections based on forum non convenience; German clause: Cholinesterase Geriatricians sit xx (the only competent court is (P. 96) So when you enter into international contracting your first lessons are: 1 . Be aware of the cultural differences and legal mentality between you and the other party ; 2. Try to reach an agreement on two questions as early in the negotiations as possible: a. Which law has to be applied in case anything goes wrong (express choice of law); b. Which court has standing. A way to realize an answer to these questions in the pre-contractual stage is the use of a so called Letter of Intend or a Memorandum of Agreement.In case anything goes wrong, such a Letter or Memorandum can save a lot of time and money for both parties. According to American case law the answer of the question if the Letter or Memorandum is legally binding depends on the following factors: – The amount of details; – The language used; – Are there any escape-clauses; – Are there ‘subject to formal contract/definitive agreement' clauses; See for a comparison between American an d German contracts: Claire A. Hill and Christopher King, How do German contracts do as much with fewer words? , 79 Chicago-Kent Law Review 2004, p. 889 – 926. – Complexity of the transaction; – The way parties behave in the pre-contractual stage; – Custom. In Civil law similar factors are used. For about seven years I was honorary Judge in the Court of Rotterdam in a division on international contracts. In a surprisingly amount of cases – where contracts were actually formed – there was no provision on an express choice of law and on which court has standing. Making a choice on forehand will save time and money and the allowing factors can be taken into account. In the first place parties create certainty; both parties know what to expect in case anything goes wrong.I will take the English approach as a starting point, because this approach still resembles the classical theory on contract law. (Gigglier 2002, Cheshire and Foot 2001, Allen 19 91) In the case William Lacey (Winslow) Ltd. V. Davis [1957] 1 W. L. R. 932, 934 (Q. B. 1957) the view is expressed that a party to negotiations undertakes this work as a gamble, and its cost is part of the overhead expense of his business which he hopes will be met out of the profits of such contracts as are made. ‘ More recently the leading case on this topic is Wallboard v.Miles [1992] 1 All ERE 453. The question was if the parties can, by agreement, impose on themselves a duty to negotiate in good faith. Lord Cancer held: ‘Each party to the negotiations is entitled to pursue his (or her) own interest, so long as he avoids making misrepresentations. To advance that interest he must be entitled, if he thinks it appropriate, to threaten to withdraw from further negotiation or to withdraw in fact in the hope that the opposite party may seek to reopen negotiations by offering him improved terms.A duty to negotiate in good faith is as unworkable in practice as it is inhere ntly inconsistent with the position of the negotiating party. In spite of this rather rigid and formalistic view English law has taken on this question, there are some grounds to pursue negotiations or to recover damages in case of breaking off the negotiations. 6 Although the main contract has not been concluded, the court may held that there is a collateral contract which gives rise to some rights during the negotiating process.And even though there is no contract, a party may be entitled to restitution relief on the grounds that the other party has derived a benefit from the transaction for which he should compensate the plaintiff even if no contract has arisen (unjust enrichment). Finally a party can be held liable for loss which he inflicted on the other party in case of fraudulent misrepresentation (a claim in tort, e. G. When there was never an intention to form a contract) or negligent misrepresentation. In England one can only claim negative interests.Specific performance à ¢â‚¬â€œ that is to say forcing parties to re-open negotiations – is not possible. 3. 1. 2 AMERICAN LAW (Tanner and Hamilton, paper 2004, Track 1991) Like in English contract theory, it is generally agreed that also in the United States the existence of a duty in good faith is denied in the absence of an enforceable contract. According to American law there are three other grounds for pre-contractual liability. As in England, unjust enrichment as a basis for liability could be a ground for restitution.However, Just a few courts have entertained such claims and the prevailing view is still the alternator theory: both benefit and loss are at risk of the parties. Also the misrepresentation theory is considered to be a ground for recovering losses in the preoccupation stage in the United States, but situations in which this occurs American courts is the doctrine of promissory estoppels: one negotiating party cannot thou liability breach a promise made during negotiations, if the o ther party relied on that promise.

Economical Factor

The reason for this is because chicken and park are a healthier option and they are low in fat products. Many large supermarket brand their own company names on different produces which have similar nutritional values. Access to shops is another economical factor, foods will be easy to consume it all depends on the way which the person is able to access shops. Many supermarkets provide the best value for money due to the competitive prices.Most of the supermarkets can be accessed by traveling in public transport. Also there are other ways which people can shop for example internet shopping has helped widely for many people to access foods but not many have the access to internet. Food supply is available to us in markets and some of the produces travel around the world in order to reach the supermarkets. This suggests that most fruit and vegetables are available for us any time of the year which has helped in developing menus.Due to this it has been a large affect on the foods which are being supplied for example food products like fish are easier to be supplied and bought by people. Socio-cultural issues : Diet can be influenced hugely by family. Our eating habits can be guided by our careers and they are the ones hen we are younger make choices such as what we should eat and what we should not eat. We can learn about various things such as healthy eating,religious rules or indirectly through the foods which we consume.Some people due to their religion they may fast or they might have beliefs that they are not allowed to eat certain animals because they believe that these animals are unclean, because children are bought up like this they are socialized into the values of their culture. Also eating meals together as a family could be important in some cultures. ISO some religions have religious occasions involve food as a ritual. Education- The amount of money which is sent on education population about healthy eating and food hygiene and things which influence the foods we eat are high.Public health is important. Environmental health is viewed by the could they make sure that they are monitoring anyone who is preparing food for the public to consume and they also ensure that the food is prepared in a hygienic way which the customers are able to buy it-elf there is unsafe food hygiene is identified then there will be notice which will be issued and the organization can be temporarily IR permanently closed down-The inspections are carried out with and with out the organization knowing .Also they are awarded with stars which are between O and 5 stars. Health Education has been promoted and campaigns has gone to show improvement in public awareness of healthy eating. For example the Five-a- day campaign began in 2003, this was when a huge amount of money was awarded by the big lottery in order to improve the consumption of fruits and vegetables in primary care trusts. There are many other campaigns such as Change 4 Life.Food hygiene is anoth er important factor which will benefit health. Even if the product is fresh or high in quality if the food hygiene is not good then the product would cause effects such as people getting ill or even killing them. Food labels are on many food products they allow the buyer to make choices about what food they are eating. If someone is choosing a healthier option then they will be able to read the label and see if there are high and low of certain nutrients which they might need.Many foods are found in the supermarket they are often marketed as they has health benefits. There are certain rules which are the manufactures cannot call foods as they are reduced calorie, the food has to be in the standard version in Order to be called as lower in calorie-However there are no legal definitions for the term low-fat, but produces cannot call foods which are high in fat as low in fat. Also if a food label has a ingredient displayed on the ingredient section then they must have it.There will be different roles for different health professionals. Dieticians has to work with patients who will need special diet and they try to make sure that the individual to eat certain foods within restriction due to their medical condition while they are trying to maintain a healthy balanced diet. Public health nutritionists does not work with individuals but they advise the government about healthy eating.Their advice can form the basis of public campaigns-Doctors are the in a ideal position which they are able to discuss paints diets during consultations-Many of the times people might go to the doctors more often-elf money is not in the correct weight and also if they are developing health issues such as high blood pressure. So therefore the doctor can advise to avoid certain foods such as saturated fat or high-salt foods. The doctor can also be referred to dietician if it is necessary. Nurses can also understand both healthy diets and also special diets.They also can suggest what foods to eat and what to avoid for a range of medical conditions-Also nurses also help with tube feeding and they can ensure that those who unable to eat independently receive correct amount of food and drink. Careers who work in both residential and community settings should be able to understand a healthy eating and special dietary requirements. Due to the lack of knowledge some cares have poor understanding in how to improve their ability to advise individuals on good diet.Sports nutritionist will work mainly with athlete to help them with their diet and to maximize their strength and fitness to make them to perform at their best ability. Also the nutritionist can prepare a diet plan that will have various nutrients and training which they will need to participate. Health and fitness instructors work at gyms and leisure centers and they also include personal training to maintain people's fitness levels but they are not athletes.They also have a good understanding of different diets and healthy eating as this is a part of their training. Social Policy – There are different ways which their are improvements to the diets of the population through social policy. There are different approaches to health education, and it also involves creating a lot of opportunities which will help people to choose healthy options for their diet. For example there were policies such as Nutritional Standards for School Lunches were agreed by the school Meals Review Panel and implemented in 2006.The standards require that: High- Quality meat,poultry or oily fish are regularly available , at least two portions of fruit and vegetables should be available with every meal, bread other cereals and potatoes are regularly available , deep- fried food is limited to no more than two portions per week, fizzy and other confectioneries are removed from school meals and wending machines , children and young people must have easy access at all times to free fresh ranking water in schools.

Term Papers and Report

Term Papers and Report Term Papers and Report Term Papers and Report The term papers and report are the most common assignments at high schools, college, and universities. The term papers and report are a kind of independent research term paper where the researcher discloses essence of investigated problem; results of the study, observations, literature review insights, etc. In addition, you will review tips on term paper format. You may also read great article on college term paper writing secrets and learn how to write great term papers! Steps of writing term papers and report: Selection and studying of the basic sources for a topic.List of literature making. Material processing and ordering. Preparation of conclusions and generalizations. The report plan working out. Writing. Public report of research results.Distinguishing characteristic of the term papers and report is scientific, academic style.The academic style is absolutely special way of text material giving, the most suitable for writing of educational and scientific works. The given style defines following norms: Sentences can be long and complex; Foreign words, various terms are used; Statements like "most likely", "in our opinion" are not used; There should be no pronouns "I", Â «my (point of view)Â »; There can be no clich?s and general words.The standard structure of term papers and report can be following: The topic of research formulation. Research urgency. The research purpose. Research problems. Hypothesis (scientifically proved sup pose of possible results of research work).The detailed description of all actions connected with results getting. Results of research. A summary of the new information which was received by the researcher. Research conclusions. The required sections of term papers and report:The title page. Table of contents. Introduction.The basic part.The conclusion.BibliographyTerm papers and report writing tips:Refer only to the reliable and recent sourcesCite all sources both within the text and at the end of itUse headings and sub-headings to keep the structure neat and logicalAvoid overgeneralizations and personal opinionsAsk professional term paper writers for help!If term papers and report writing is a challenge for you, try our professional term paper writing services and we will do your work for you! We are responsible, educated, and experienced! If you are in need of dissertation help or looking for assistance with writing a case study analysis, we are always online to st art working on your assignment!

The Untold History of American Indian Slavery

The Untold History of American Indian Slavery Long before the transatlantic African slave trade was established in North America a transatlantic slave trade in Indians had been occurring since the very earliest European arrivals. It was used as a weapon of war among the European colonists and as a tactic for survival among Indians who participated in the slave trade as slavers. It contributed to the fierce decline in Indian populations after the coming of the Europeans along with devastating disease epidemics and lasted well into the eighteenth century when it was replaced by African slavery. It has left a legacy still felt among Native populations in the east, and it is also one of the most hidden narratives in American historical literature. Documentation The historical record of the Indian slave trade is based on many disparate and scattered sources including legislative notes, trade transactions, journals of slavers, government correspondence and especially church records, making it difficult to account for the entire history. It is well known by historians that the slave trade began with the Spanish incursions into the Caribbean and Christopher Columbus’s taking of slaves, as documented in his own journals. Every European nation that colonized North America utilized Indian slaves for construction, plantations, and mining on the North American continent but more frequently in their outposts in the Caribbean and in the metropoles of Europe. As the pieces of the puzzle come together in the scholarship, historians note that nowhere is there more documentation than in South Carolina, what was the original English colony of Carolina, established in 1670. It is estimated that between 1650 and 1730 at least 50,000 Indians (and likely more due to transactions hidden to avoid paying government tariffs and taxes) were exported by the English alone to their Caribbean outposts. Between 1670 and 1717 far more Indians were exported than Africans were imported. In southern coastal regions, entire tribes were exterminated through slavery compared to disease or war. In a law passed in 1704, Indian slaves were conscripted to fight in wars for the colony long before the American Revolution. Indian Complicity and Complex Relationships Indians found themselves caught in between colonial strategies for power and economic control. The fur trade in the Northeast, the English plantation system in the south and the Spanish mission system in Florida collided with major disruptions to Indian communities. Indians displaced from the fur trade in the north migrated south where plantation owners armed them to hunt for slaves living in the Spanish mission communities. The French, the English, and Spanish often capitalized on the slave trade in other ways; for example, they garnered diplomatic favor when they negotiated the freedom of slaves in exchange for peace, friendship and military alliance. In another instance of Indian and colonial complicity in the slave trade, the British had established ties with the Chickasaw who were surrounded by enemies on all sides in Georgia. They conducted extensive slave raids in the lower Mississippi Valley where the French had a foothold, which they sold to the English as a way to reduce In dian populations and keep the French from arming them first. Ironically, the English also saw it as a more effective way to civilize them compared to the efforts of the French missionaries. Extent of the Trade The Indian slave trade covered an area from as far west and south as New Mexico (then Spanish territory) northward to the Great Lakes. Historians believe that all tribes in this vast swath of land were caught up in the slave trade in one way or another, either as captives or as traders. Slavery was part of the larger strategy to depopulate the land to make way for European settlers. As early as 1636 after the Pequot war in which 300 Pequots were massacred, those who remained were sold into slavery and sent to Bermuda. Major slaving ports included Boston, Salem, Mobile and New Orleans. From those ports Indians were shipped to Barbados by the English, Martinique and Guadalupe by the French and the Antilles by the Dutch. Indian slaves were also sent to the Bahamas as the breaking grounds where they mightve been transported back to New York or Antigua. The historical record indicates a perception that Indians did not make good slaves. When they werent shipped far from their home territories they too easily escaped and were given refuge by other Indians if not in their own communities. They died in high numbers on the transatlantic journeys and succumbed easily to European diseases. By 1676 Barbados had banned Indian slavery citing too bloody and dangerous an inclination to remain here. Slavery’s Legacy of Obscured Identities As the Indian slave trade gave way to the African slave trade by the late 1700’s (by then over 300 years old) Native American women began to intermarry with imported Africans, producing mixed-race offspring whose native identities became obscured through time. In the colonial project to eliminate the landscape of Indians, these mixed-race people simply became known as colored people through bureaucratic erasure in public records. In some cases such as in Virginia, even when people were designated as Indians on birth or death certificates or other public records, their records were changed to reflect â€Å"colored.† Census takers, determining a person’s race by their looks, often recorded mixed-race people as simply black, not Indian. The result is that today there is a population of people of Native American heritage and identity (particularly in the Northeast) who are not recognized by society at large, sharing similar circumstances with the Freedmen of the Cher okee and other Five Civilized Tribes.